THE 
B-EGINNERIS 

C/ESAF. 




O.CANNON 




Class 

Book_ 



GqpghtW. Ll 

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT; 



An open door to Qcesar 
. THE 

BEGINNER'S C^SAR 



BEING MAINLY THE SIMPLIFIED TEXT OF THE 
BELLUM HELVETICUM OF THE COMMENTARIES 



BY 

HARRISON DICKINSON CANNON 

Pk.B., Cornell University 



Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged 



NEW YORK CITY 

HINDS AND NOBLE, PUBLISHERS 

31-33-35 West 15TH Street 
1903 






9 1903 

CLASS *-XXa WO, 

> cofy b« 



*^ 1 



Copyright, 1900, 
By HARRISON D. CANNON. 



Copyright, 1903, 
By HINDS AND NOBLE. 



rt 



TO MY DAUGHTER 

REGINA 

THIS BOOK IS 

LOVINGLY INSCRIBED 



PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION 

This book is the outcome of a close personal experience, 
both as pupil and teacher, of the difficulties attendant upon 
the initiation of classes in the reading of Caesar. 

The late report of the Committee of Twelve of the 
American Philological Association but verifies a matter of 
general repute among the profession in these words : 
" Some opposition has been made to the study of Caesar 
as being too difficult for students in the second year of the 
course. But to omit Ccesar would be a retrograde step in 
the framing of Latin programs." But despite the fact that 
they hereby state a truth of common knowledge, the words 
exert a new and powerful force by the prestige of the hon- 
orable members of that committee. Educational influences 
which come from such men as constituted that board are 
resistless on whatsoever they may be brought to bear. 
Lovers of the classics, and especially of the cause of 
Caesar for the service it has so long performed, need have 
no anxiety. For those influences are now being directed 
full in favor of maintaining, nay in advancing, the classics 
as essential factors in the education of to-day. And sta- 
tistics witness the success of these efforts for classicism. 
Figures show that in the last nine years, i89o-'99, the 
study of Latin " has gained at a rate greater than that of 
any other secondary-school study." As a means of com- 
parison, the report shows in Latin an increase of 174 per 
cent, in German 131, in Greek 94, in Chemistry 65. "It 



VI PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION 

is encouraging to friends of classical study to notice that 
in 1898 almost one-half (49.44 per cent) of all the pupils 
enrolled in the secondary-schools were engaged in the 
study of Latin." 

From this it is clear that the question before us is not 
what, but how. Caesar must remain. But how is it to be 
made easier for beginners ? This book, embodying an 
analytic method in the interpretation of the text, is the 
author's answer to the question. 

The Committee suggests that first-year classes read 
twenty to thirty pages of easy Latin toward the close of 
the year. It has been difficult for teachers to obtain such 
matter — at once easy and consecutive and pertinent to 
the immediate end in view. The aim of this book is to 
supply it. The treatment of the pupil during this transi- 
tion is important. From now on his attention should be 
drawn closely to the systematic study of connected dis- 
course, at first simple and concise, but gradually approach- 
ing and finally reaching the level of Caesar's own. And 
in connection with this reading, the pupil is in a condition 
to profit by a thorough drill from the text in all the mech- 
anism of word-forms — parts, conjugation, declension, 
comparison — syntax, translation at sight and hearing, and, 
above all, reproduction of the Latin, after the method which 
has come down to us from that most renowned teacher of 
his age, Johann Sturm of Strasburg. The lesson-book 
should be laid aside. It has done its work. With the 
teacher as a guide, the student needs no other print than 
the book now before him. 

Attention need hardly be called to the striking feature 
of the work. By a careful method of analysis the reader 



PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION Vll 

is led gradually and easily through the difficulties of 
Caesar's complex constructions to the text, toto in se, of the 
Commentaries. 

The author's one purpose is to join the multitude of 
lovers of classic literature in their effort to open the way 
more and more to the fountain-head of those forces that 
are still moulding the very life of the world. 



PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION 

The success of the earlier edition of The Beginner's 
Ctzsar warrants its reappearance in this new and enlarged 
form. Many extra features have been added, and original 
parts extended. 

An examination of the text will justify the Author's 
choice of the motto — repetitio mater est studiorum. The 
pupil is led step by step through that which becomes 
familiar by repetition to the verbatim sentence of Caesar. 

Throughout the text are exegetical references to the 
appropriate rules and examples. These rules and exam- 
ples the pupil should at once memorize. This done, he 
has not the foundation alone, but much of the superstruc- 
ture of syntax of his entire future course in Latin. 

The English-Latin composition consists of two parts, 
the one preferably for oral recitation, the other for careful 
written work. Both being based upon the text, they will 
require no special vocabulary. The one part may be 
found too easy for older classes, the other too difficult for 
younger pupils. Governed by the needs of the class, the 
tactful teacher will find the golden mean. 

The Notes are intentionally full. The purpose has been 
constantly in mind to make them interesting and attractive 
and thus stimulating. Through them, supplemented by 
pleasing fact and anecdote from the teacher's fund of 
information and experience, the pupil may be brought to 
the appreciation and enjoyment of classical study. Let 



PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION IX 

the class be attentive to these Notes every day. Then the 
habit of critical study will be formed, and from it will 
develop a facility of comprehension that will be productive 
of good to them in all they do. We vilify classical train- 
ing in our condemnation of that which is classical in 
name only, not in spirit and method. If such study fail 
of its purpose of culture, the fault lies rather in manner 
than matter. To gain the full culture-value of the study 
of the classics, we must combine their historical treatment 
with thorough drill in construction and syntax. The one 
vivifies the past, making it real as the living present ; the 
other sharpens the mental faculties, making us more the 
man. The one makes for refinement, the other for disci- 
pline — a combination which renders the classics the 
best mould of life in our school-rooms to-day. 

Thanks are due Professors Burr and De Garmo of Cor- 
nell University, J. Edward Banta, Superintendent of the 
Binghamton city schools, Frank D. Blodgett of the chair 
of Latin and Greek in the State Normal School of Oneonta, 
New York, and to the many High School and Academic 
teachers everywhere, — all of whom have spoken of the 
book in the heartiest and kindliest manner and thus lent 
encouragement to this larger work, — to all these the 
Author wishes to extend his most sincere gratitude. 

To Mr. Archibald A. Maclardy, the author of " The 
Completely Parsed Cicero and Virgil," I wish to publicly 
express my appreciation of the professional service ren- 
dered me. His critical examination of the first edition of 
my book, and his helpful and encouraging suggestions, 
have done much toward this revision. 

To my Publishers, too, who have given me full rein, 



X PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION 

who have made absolutely no restrictions, in the enjoyment 
of which unusual privilege I have inserted every sort of 
matter of interest, value, and convenience that any teacher 
can reasonably ask, my thanks and the thanks of all edu- 
cators are due. 

May old friends recognize " The Beginner's Caesar " in 
its new dress, and new friends receive it kindly. 

HARRISON DICKINSON CANNON. 

September i, 1903. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Page 

I. Introduction : Caesar in Gaul .... xiii 

II. Outline of Cesar's Life xvii 

III. Map of Gaul xxi 

IV. Simplified and verbatim Text of the " Bel- 

LUM HELVETICUM," CHAPTERS I-XXIX . . I-48 

V. English-Latin Exercises 49 

VI. Rules of Syntax 75 

VII. Notes 101 

VIII. Tables of Declension and Conjugation . 135 

IX. Vocabulary 167 



CiESAR IN GAUL 

To the student of Caesar, the politician, there is much 
in his life previous to his proconsular appointment to Gaul 
that is of essential value. In fact, in this first half of that 
great man's life, the student will find his greatest interest, 
if he aims to know the rungs in that ladder of ambition 
by which he climbed to the highest honor in the power of 
the Roman Republic to bestow. 

To the student of Caesar, the general and writer of the 
" Commentaries," Plutarch gives the cue when he says 
that with his work in Gaul Caesar began a new life, fol- 
lowing lines of action different from the old. With the 
beginning of this changed activity, in this second act, as 
it were, of his play of life, we find our interest as readers 
of the Gallic wars. 

By the lex Vatinia^ the people gave to Caesar, in b. c. 
58, the government of Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum for 
five years, with three legions. The Senate immediately 
added Transalpine Gaul and another legion. Scarcely 
had he completed arrangements for departure, when word 
was brought to him of disturbances among the tribes in 
the eastern portion, now Switzerland. It was the middle 
of March. Caesar set out instantly. By the first of April, 
b. c. 58, he had begun his marvelous military career, and 
by the following June had won his first campaign. The 
story of this achievement is given in the first twenty-nine 



XIV C^SSAR IN GA UL 

chapters of Book I, the simplified and verbatim text of 
which the student is now about to read. This first cam- 
paign is called the " Helvetian War," from the name of 
the nation which occasioned it. Its details the student 
will best gather from the careful perusal of Caesar's ac- 
count. 

A considerable part of the subsequent history of Caesar 
in Gaul will be read in the pupil's future course. During 
those eight years, he took eight hundred cities by assault, 
conquered three hundred tribes, and fought pitched battles 
at different times with three millions of men, two-thirds of 
whom were either killed or sold into slavery. His was 
pioneer work for Rome in the northwest; for his army 
was the first to penetrate Gaul and Britain, to cross into 
the German wilds, to sail the Atlantic — and the dash and 
daring of it all wrought such fear in the barbarians that 
they kept aloof from Rome for centuries. 

As we peruse the account of his first campaign, we shall 
begin to feel the ability, energy, and tact of the man, which 
feeling will grow, as we read on, into a full sense of his 
gigantic genius. Then with his admirers in all ages and 
nations we shall join in sincere homage. As a warrior 
and a general we shall behold him not in the least inferior 
to the greatest commanders the world has ever produced ; 
for, whether we compare him with the leaders of the past 
or the present, he bears away the palm. " In the difficulty 
of the scenes of action, in the extent of the countries sub- 
dued, in the number and strength of the enemies overcome, 
in the savage manners and treacherous disposition of the 
people he humanized, in mildness and clemency to his 
prisoners, in bounty and munificence to his troops, in the 



C^SAR IN GAUL XV 

number of battles won and enemies killed," finally, in all 
that tests the skill and fearlessness of a military commander, 
Caesar stands at the head of the famous warriors of all 
time. 

However, it is but as a wondrous warrior — not a man 
— that we admire him ; for in every act we cannot but 
feel the covert purpose to become master of Rome at 
whatever cost, to " bestride the narrow world like a Colos- 
sus," then to be oblivious to the petty men beneath his 
huge legs, as Cassius expresses it in the play. Try as we 
may to evade it, the thought intrudes itself upon us that 
in his favors and charity to the people and to his soldiers, 
and in mercy to his enemies, he was swayed more by 
reason than affection. Thus, mingling with our awe of 
his incredible power, which in a noble nature incarnated 
would turn our awe to love, comes the depressing con- 
sciousness that the Gallic campaigns were but links in the 
fetters. There is evidence of a reprehensible duplicity 
in Caesar's conduct at this period : he was conquering his 
enemies with the arms of the Roman Republic, and gaining 
the Republic by the money of his enemies. His mind 
was always on state intrigues. During brief respites from 
active fighting, " great numbers came from Rome to pay 
their respects to him, and he sent them all away satisfied ; 
some laden with presents, others happy in hope. He sent 
to Rome enormous sums of gold to be expended in the 
erection of temples, theatres, and other public structures, 
and in the celebration of games and shows, that should 
rival in magnificence those of Pompey" (Plutarch and 
Myers). 

We cannot but regret that, unlike Brutus, Caesar loved 



XVI CAESAR IN GAUL 

Rome less and Caesar more. Thus in his chequered life 
he found 

" tears for his love ; joy for his fortune ; honor for his valor ; and 
death for his ambition." — (Brutus, in Shakespeare's /zz/z"^ Ccesar). 



OUTLINE OF CAESAR'S LIFE* 

(According to Plutarch) 

i. Born July 12, 100 b. a, of a patrician or noble 
family. 

2. Priest of Jupiter (Flamen JD talis). 

3. Alliance with Marius, leader of the popular party 
(Popular es). 

4. Further alliance with popular party by marriage with 
Cornelia, daughter of Cinna, b. c. 83. 

5. Troubles with Sulla, leader of the patrician or aris- 
tocratic party (Optimates). Proscribed. 

6. Exile among the Sabines and across the sea ; the 
incident of the pirates. 

7. Studies rhetoric and oratory at Rhodes. 

8. Returns to Rome and impeaches Dolabella, a ra- 
pacious provincial governor. 

9. Military Tribune, b. c. 74. 

10. Funeral oration of his aunt, the wife of Marius; 
restoration of the images of Marius against the ban. 

11. Further hardiness and independence of spirit shown 
in his young wife's panegyrics. 

12. Quaestor in Spain, b. c. 68. 

* The pupil should learn this outline, and from the many available 
sketches of Caesar's life should expand the outline to a full account. Besides 
the encyclopaedic articles every library should have a copy of Plutarch's 
" Lives " ; Froude's " Caesar, a sketch " ; Dodge, in the " Series of Great 
Captains " ; Fowler's " Julius Caesar " ; the histories of Merivale, Mommsen 
and Myers ; various excellent school editions of the Commentaries ; and 
above all, if possible, the elaborate work of Napoleon III. 



XV111 OUTLINE OF CESAR'S LIFE 

13. Curule Aedile, b. c. 65; his enormous personal 
expenditures and debts ; the incident of the new gold- 
embossed and engraved statues and trophies of Marius. 

14. Contest for the pontificate; the proffered bribe; 
incident of Caesar and his mother. 

15. Pontifex Maximus, b. c. 63. 

16. Caesar and the conspiracy of Catiline; the enmity 
of Cato ; Cicero's body-guard ; in the senate a few days 
later; Cato's artifice, b. c. 63. 

17. Praetor, b. c. 62. 

18. Domestic troubles; sacrilege of Clodius. 

19. Propraetor in Spain, b. c. 61; his debts; alliance 
with Crassus ; envies the achievements of Alexander the 
Great; beginning of his military career; wins the title of 
imperator. 

20. Return to Italy; his dilemma; Cato's opposition, 
and result. 

21. The Triumvirate, b. c. 60; purpose and result; 
Cato's wisdom and foresight. 

22. Consul, b. c. 59; "Less a consul than a seditious 
tribune " ; the incident of the trio in the Senate ; how the 
laws were passed. 

23. Caesar in Gaul, 58-50 B. C. " Here we begin, 
as it were, a new life." 

24. Pompey made "sole consul," b. c. 52 ; "Monarchy 
the only cure, Pompey the gentlest physician." 

25. Caesar asks for continuance of his commission in 
Gaul ; deliberations in the Senate ; Caesar's liberal offer ; 
outrage upon his envoys. 

26. Meditation on the banks of the Rubicon ; " The die 
is cast ! " b. c. 49. 



OUTLINE OF CsESAR'S LIFE XIX 

27. Civil war; flight of Pompey and the consuls. 

28. Conquers Pompey at Pharsalus, b. c. 48. 

29. Caesar in Egypt, b. c. 47. 

30. Battle of Thapsus, b. c. 46. 

31. Dictator for ten years, b. c. 46. 

32. Battle of Munda, b. c. 45. 
2,7,. Imperator for life. 

34. The conspiracy. Assassinated, March 15, b. c. 44. 

" O mighty Caesar ! dost thou lie so low? 
Are all thy conquests, glories, triumphs, spoils, 
Shrunk to this little measure ? Fare thee well." 

(Mark Antony over Caesar's body). 



THE BEGINNER'S CESAR 



3>©<0 



1. THE DIVISIONS OF GAUL 

Gallia est omnis divlsa in partes tres. Quarum par- 
tium 5 unara* partem incolunt Belgae. Aliam partem in- 
colunt Aquitani. Tertiam incolunt Galli. Galli lingua 38 
ipsorum Celtae* 2 appellantur. Celtae nostra lingua Galli 
appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, Institutis, legibus 38 inter 
se diflerunt. Garumna flumen 79 Gallos ab Aqultanls 95 
dlvidit. Matrona et Sequana flumina 79 Gallos a Belgis 
dividunt. 

Characteristics of the Gallic people 

Horum 5 omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod 
a cultu 95 atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt. 
Ad eos, 25 mercatores minime saepe commeant. Merca- 
tores ea minime saepe important, quae ad effeminandos 
animos pertinent. Belgae proximi 73 sunt Germanis, 19 qui 
trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum (= cum quibus 33 ) 
continenter bellum gerunt. 

Qua de causa, Helvetil quoque reliquos Gallos praece- 
dunt. Helvetil reliquos virtute praecedunt, quod cum 
Germanis contendunt. Fere cotldianis 34 proelils cum 
Germanis contendunt. Helvetil suis flnibus 27 Germanos 

* The figures throughout the text refer to Rules of Syntax, beginning at 
page 75- 

I 



2 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

prohibent. Helvetii in Germanorum flnibus 39 bellum ge- 
runt. 

Boundaries of each nation 

Una pars eorum initium capit a 40 flumine Rhodano. 
Earn partem Gallos 26 obtinere 76 dictum est. Continetur 
Garumna 32 flumine, Oceano, flnibus Belgarum. Attingit 
flumen Rhenum. Attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis 
flumen Rhenum. Vergit ad septentriones. Belgae ab 
extremis flnibus Galliae oriuntur. Pertinent ad Inferiorem 
partem fluminis Rhenl. Spectant in septentrionem et 
orientem solem. Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyre- 
naeos montes 79 pertinet. Pertinet ad earn partem OceanI, 
quae est ad Hispaniam. 77 Spectat inter occasum solis et 
septentriones. 

Note : After each simplified chapter will follow a verbatim copy 
of the corresponding chapter from the " Commentaries." 

C. IULII CAESARIS 
DE BELLO GALLICO 



COMMENTARIUS PRIMUS 
B. C. 58 

I. Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam 

incolunt Belgae, aliam Aqultani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua 

Description of Celtae, nostra Galll appellantur. Hi omnes 

and inhabit- 3 lingua, Institutis, legibus inter se differunt. 

ants of Gaui. Gallos ab Aqultanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis 

Matrona et Sequana dividit. Horum omnium fortissimi 

sunt Belgae, propterea, quod a cultu atque humanitate 

provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos merca- 



CONSPIRACY OF OR GE TOR IX 3 

tores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effeminandos 
animos pertinent important ; proximique sunt Germanls, 
■qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum 
gerunt. l Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos 
virtute praecedunt, quod fere cotldianls proelhs cum Ger- 
manis contendunt, cum aut suls flnibus eos prohibent aut 
ipsl in eorum flnibus bellum gerunt. Eorum una pars, 
quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a flumine 
Rhodano ; continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano ? flnibus 
Belgarum ; attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetils flumen 
Rhenum ; vergit ad septentriones. ) Belgae ab extremis 
Galliae flnibus oriuntur ; pertinent ad mferiorem partem 
fluminis Rheni ; spectant in septentrionem et orientem 
solem. Aqultania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos mon- 
tes et earn partem OceanI quae est ad Hispaniam pertinet ; 
spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones. 



2. CONSPIRACY OF ORGETORIX 

Apud Helvetios nobilissimus fuit Orgetorrx. Orgetorix 
fuit longe dltissimus. Is coniurationem nobilitatis fecit. 
Is, regnl 4 cupiditate 29 inductus, coniurationem fecit. Is, 
Marco Messala et M. Plsone consulibus, 43 clvitatl 12 per- 
suasit ut 48 de flnibus suls cum omnibus copils exirent. 94 
Dixit: perfacile esse, 67 totius Galliae imperio 35 potiri. 76 
Peifacile esse, imperio potiri, cum virtute 38 omnibus 13 
praestarent. 51 

Natter al limits of Helvetia 

Helvetii loci natura undique continentur. Hoc 29 facilius 
els persuasit ut de suls flnibus exirent. Helvetii una ex 



4 THE BEGINNER'S C^SAR 

parte 40 flumine Rheno 79 continentur. Rhenus latissimus 73 
et altissimus est. Is agrum Helvetium a Germanis 95 
dividit. Helvetii altera ex parte monte Iura continentur. 
Iura, mons altissimus, inter Sequanos et Helvetios est. 
Helvetii tertia (ex parte) lacu Lemanno et flumine Rho- 
dano continentur. Rhodanus provinciam nostram ab 
Helvetiis dividit. 

The results of their confinement 

His rebus 29 fiebat ut minus late vagarentur. 49 His rebus 
fiebat ut minus facile fmitimis 13 bellum Inferre 74 possent. 
Helvetii cupidl 82 bellandl 7 erant. Qua ex parte Helvetii, 
homines 79 bellandl cupidl, magno dolore 34 afficiebantur. 
Se an gustos fines habere 76 arbitrabantur. Pro multitudine 
hominum, 5 angustos se fines habere arbitrabantur. Pro 
gloria belli atque fortitudinis, fines angustos esse arbitra- 
bantur. Fines in longitudinem mllia 23 passuum 5 ducenta 
et quadraginta patebant. 96 In latitudinem centum et octo- 
ginta patebant. 



CHAPTER II OF CESAR'S TEXT 

2. Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus fuit et dltissimus 
Orgetorlx. Is, M. Messala et M. Plsone consulibus, 
o etorix r ^gnl cupiditate inductus coniurationem nobili- 
persuades tatis fecit, et clvitatl persuasit ut de flnibus 

the Helve- „ . 

tianstoin- suls cum omnibus copils exirent: perfacile 
esse, cum virtute omnibus praestarent, totlus 
Galliae imperio potlrl. Id hoc facilius els persuasit, quod 
undique loci natura Helvetii continentur : una ex parte 
flumine Rheno latissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Hel- 



PREPARATIONS OF THE HELVETIANS 5 

vetium a Germanis dividit ; altera ex parte monte Iura 
altissimo, qui est inter Sequanos et Helvetios ; tertia lacu 
Lemanno et flumine Rhodano, qui provinciam nostram ab 
Helvetiis dividit/ His rebus fiebat ut et minus late vaga- 
rentur et minus facile f Initimis bellum inf erre possent ; qua 
ex parte homines bellandi cupidi magno dolore afficieban- 
tur. Pro multitudine autem hominum et pro gloria belli 
atque fortitudinis angustos se fines habere arbitrabantur, 
qui in longitudinem milia passuum ccxl, in latitudinem 
clxxx patebant. 



3. PREPARATIONS OF THE HELVETIANS 

His rebus adducti sunt. Auctoritate Orgetorigis 3 per- 
motl sunt. His rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorigis 
permoti, constituerunt ea comparare, 74 quae ad proficis- 
cendum pertinerent. 50 Constituerunt maximum numerum 
iumentorum 5 coemere. 74 Constituerunt quam 73 maximum 
numerum carrorum coemere. Constituerunt quam maxi- 
mas sementes facere, ut in itinere copia frumenti suppe- 
teret. Constituerunt pacem et amicitiam cum proximis 
civitatibus conflrmare. Ad eas res conficiendas 71 biennium 
satis est. Biennium sibi 18 satis esse duxerunt. In tertium 
annum 25 profectionem lege 32 conffrmant. Ad eas res con- 
ficiendas Orgetorix deligitur. 

Orgetorix enlists other chiefs 

Is sibi 13 legationem ad civitates 25 suscepit. In eo 
itinere persuadet Castico 12 , ut regnum in civitate sua occu- 
paret. 48 Casticus, Sequanus, 79 filius Catamantaloedis erat. 



O THE BEGINNERS CMSAR 

Pater Castici regnum in Sequanis multos 23 annos obtinu- 
erat. A senatu 30 populi Roman! amicus 82 appellatus erat. 
Regnum in Sequanls pater Castici ante habuerat. Item- 
que, Orgetorix Dumnorigi, qui plebi 19 acceptus erat, per- 
suasit ut idem conaretur. Orgetorix ei 11 filiam suam in 
matrimonium dat. Dumnorix Aeduus f rater 82 Divitiaci 
erat. Dumnorix eo tempore 41 principatum in civitate ob- 
tinebat. 

His argument 

Conata perficere 76 perfacile est. Illis 11 probat perfacile 
factu 75 esse conata perficere. Perfacile esse probat, prop- 
terea quod imperium suae civitatis 4 obtenturus esset. 64 
Non esse 67 dubium quin 80 totius Galliae 5 Helvetii pluri- 
mum possent. Orgetorix confirmat se regna conciliaturum 
esse. Se suis copiis suoque 32 exercitu illis regna concilia- 
turum esse confirmat. Hac oratione 32 Casticus et Dum- 
norix adducti sunt. Hac oratione adducti, inter se fidem 97 
et ius iurandum dant. Sperant sese totius 35 Galliae potiri 
posse. Regno occupato, sese totius Galliae potiri sperant. 
Per tres potentissimos ac firmissimos populos, sese Galliae 
potiri posse sperant. 



CHAPTER III OF CiESAR 

3. His rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti 

constituerunt ea quae ad proficiscendum pertinerent com- 

parare, iumentorum et carrorum quam maxi- 

Preparations r L 

of the Hei- mum numerum coemere, sementes quam ma- 

vctians. . ... e 

ximas facere, ut in ltinere copia trumenti sup- 
pete ret, cum proximis civitatibus pacem et amicitiam con- 
firmare. Ad eas res conficiendas biennium sibi satis esse du- 



PREPARATIONS OF THE HELVETIANS 7 

xerunt; in tertium annum profectionem lege conformant. Ad 
eas res conficiendas Orgetorlx deligitur. Is sibi legationem 
ad clvitates suscepit. In eo itinere persuadet 

_ . Orgetorix 

Castico, Catamantaloedis filio, Sequano, cuius conspires 
pater regnum in Sequanls multos annos obtinue- Mother 16 ** 

rat et a senatu popull Roman! amicus appella- tribes for su- 
premacy, 
tus erat, ut regnum in clvitate sua occuparet, 

quod pater ante habuerat; itemque Dumnorigi Aeduo, fratri 

Diviciaci, qui eo tempore prmcipatum in clvitate obtinebat 

ac maxime plebi acceptus erat, ut idem conaretur persuadet, 

elque filiam suam in matrimonium dat. Perfacile factu 

esse Ulis probat conata perficere, propterea quod ipse suae 

civitatis imperium obtenturus esset : non esse dubium, 

quin totius Galliae pliirimum Helvetii possent ; se suls 

copiis suoque exercitu illis regna conciliaturum confirmat. 

Hac oratione adducti inter se fidem et iusiiirandum dant, 

et regno occupato per tres potentissimos ac flrmissimos 

populos totius Galliae sese potlrl posse sperant. 




Miles 



THE BEGINNER'S C^SAR 



BETRAYAL AND DEATH OF ORGETORIX 

4. Orgetorix is betrayed and arrested. On the day of the trial he 
assembles all his retinue at the court and through them he escapes. 
The government, however, is persistent, and Orgetorix in despair 
commits suicide. 

Ea res enuntiata est. Res per indicium " enuntiata est. 
Ea res est Helvetiis lx per indicium enuntiata. Orgetorl- 
gem 26 causam dicere 76 coegerunt. Moribus 38 suis eum 
coegerunt. Moribus suis Orgetorigem ex vinculls causam 
dicere coegerunt. Poenam 26 sequi 76 oportebat. Eum dam- 
natum poenam sequi oportebat, ut Ignl 32 cremaretur. 49 Or- 
getorix suam familiam coegit. Die 41 constituta Orgetorix 
suam familiam undique coegit. Suam familiam, ad 77 
hominum mllia decern, coegit. Die constituta causae dic- 
tionis, 4 Orgetorix ad 77 iudicium suam familiam undique 
coegit. Omnes clientes eodem conduxit. Clientes obaera- 
tosque suos eodem conduxit. Clientes obaeratosque suos, 
quorum 5 magnum numerum habebat, eodem conduxit. 

Per eos," ne 48 causam diceret, se eripuit. Civitas ius 
suum exsequi conabatur. Civitas, ob earn rem incitata, 
armis 32 ius suum exsequi conabatur. Magistratus multi- 
tudinem hominum ex 40 agiis cogebant. Orgetorix mor- 
tuus est. Cum civitas ius suum exsequi conaretur 53 mul- 
titudinemque hominum ex agiis magistratus cogerent, 
Orgetorix mortuus est. Susplcio non abest, quln 80 ipse 
sibi 13 mortem consclverit. 80 Orgetorix mortuus est ; neque 
abest susplcio, ut Helvetil arbitrantur, quln ipse sibi mor- 
tem consclverit. 



PLANS OF EXODUS MATURE 



CHAPTER IV OF C^SAR 

4. Ea res est Helvetiis per indicium enuntiata. Moribus 
suis Orgetorigem ex vinculis causam dicere coegerunt: dam- 
natum poenam sequi oportebat ut igni cremare- Qr etorix is 
tur. Die constitute causae dictionis Orgetorix tried for con- 
ad iudicium omnem suam familiam, ad hominum escapes. His 
milia decern, undique coegit, et omnes clientes su en eat 
obaeratosque suos, quorum magnum numerum habebat, 
eodem conduxit; per eos, ne causam dlceret, se eripuit. 
Cum civitas ob earn rem incitata armis ius suum exsequi 
conaretur, multitudinemque hominum ex agris magistratus 
cogerent, Orgetorix mortuus est ; neque abest suspicio, ut 
Helvetii arbitrantur, quin ipse sibi mortem consciverit. 



5. PLANS OF EXODUS MATURE 

Nihilo 81 minus, Helvetii id, quod constituerant, 93 facere 
conantur. 93 Post Orgetorlgis mortem, id facere conan- 
tur, ut e flnibus suis exeant. Ubi 49 iam se 26 ad earn rem 
paratos 82 esse arbitratl sunt, 49 oppida sua omnia incendunt. 
Oppida sua numero 38 ad 77 duodecim erant. Vlcos ad 
quadringentos incendunt. Reliqua prlvata aedificia incen- 
dunt. Frumentum omne, praeterquam quod secum porta- 
turl 84 erant, combiirunt. Id comburunt 93 ut, domum 26 
reditionis spe 43 sublata, ad omnia perlcula subeunda 71 
paratiores essent. 93 Quemque 26 cibaria sibi 17 domo 40 
eflerre, 76 iubent. Quemque molita cibaria trium 2 men- 
sium 2 efferre 76 iubent. 



10 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

They persuade other tribes to go also 

Persuadent Rauracis 12 et Tulingis et Latobrigis, f Initi- 
mls, 79 ut una cum iis proficiscantur. Persuadent iis ut, 
eodem consilio 35 usi, una cum iis proficiscantur. Persua- 
dent iis ut, oppidis 43 suis vicisque exustls, 43 una cum iis 
proficiscantur. Boios, receptos ad se socios 79 sibi 13 ad- 
sclscunt. Boil trans Rhenum incoluerant. Boios, qui in 
agrum Noricum transierant et Noreiam oppugnaverant, 
sibi adsciscunt. 



CHAPTER V OF CiESAR 

5. Post eius mortem nihilo minus Helvetii id quod con- 
stituerant facere conantur, ut e finibus suis exeant. Ubi 

The Helve- ^ am s ^ a ^ eam rem P ar ^^ s esse arbitrati sunt, 
tians complete oppida sua omnia, numero ad duodecim, vicos 
tionsandde- ad quadringentos, reliqua privata aedificia in- 
part * cendunt; frumentum omne, praeter quod se- 

cum portaturi erant, comburunt, ut, domum reditionis spe 
sublata, paratiores ad omnia pericula subeunda essent; 
trium mensium molita cibaria sibi quemque domo efferre 
iubent. Persuadent Rauracis et Tulingis et Latobrigis, 
flnitimis, utl eodem usi consilio, oppidis suis vicisque exus- 
tls, una cum els proficiscantur; Boiosque, qui trans Rhe- 
num incoluerant et in agrum Noricum transierant Noreiam- 
que oppugnarant, receptos ad se socios sibi adsciscunt. 




Gladii 



THE PAS BE L'ECLUSE I I 



6. THE TWO ROUTES 



. Two ways of exit are located, one through the beautiful Pas de 

l'Ecluse. 

Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo 40 exlre 
possent 50 : unum iter per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, 
inter montem Iuram et flumen Rhodanum, 79 qua singuli 
cam ducerentur. 60 Mons, autem, altissimus, 73 impendebat 
ut facile perpauci prohibere possent. Alterum iter per 
provinciam nostram erat. Id multo 81 facilius atque expe- 
ditius erat, propterea quod inter fines Helvetiorum et Allo- 
brogum Rhodanus fluit. 60 Is nonnullis locis 39 vado tran- 
situr. 

They choose the second route 

Helvetil et Allobroges nuper pacati erant. Extremum 
oppidum Allobrogum proximumque finibus 19 Helvetiorum 1 
est Genava. Ex eo oppido pons ad Helvetios 25 pertinet. 
Helvetil sese 26 Allobrogibus 12 persuasuros 84 esse existi- 
mabant. Exlstimabant sese Allobrogibus persuasuros, 
quod 54 Allobroges nondum bono animo 2 in populum 
Romanum viderentur. 68 Exlstimabant sese Allobrogibus 
vel persuasuros vel vi 32 coacturos, ut per suos fines Helve- 
tios Ire paterentur. 48 

March 28 is set for their departure 

Omnibus rebus 43 ad profectionem comparatis, Helvetil 
diem dicunt. Diem dicunt, qua 48 die omnes ad ripam 77 
Rhodani conveniant. 48 Is dies erat ante diem quintum 
Kalendas Apriles. Lucius Piso et Aulus Gablnius con- 
sults erant. Is dies erat a. d. V. Kal. Apr., L. Pisone, 
A. Gablnio consulibus. 43 



12 THE BEGINNERS CyESAR 

CHAPTER VI OF CiESAR 

6. Erant omnlno itinera duo quibus itineribus domd 
exlre possent : unura per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, 
They arrange mter m o n tem Iuram et flumen Rhodanum, vix 
to cross q U ^ singull carrl ducerentur ; mons autem altis- 

the Rhone . . . 

and march simus impendebat, ut facile perpaucl prohibere 

through the , ,, _ . 

Roman possent : alterum per provmciam nostram, 

Province. mult5 facilius atque expedltius, propterea quod 
inter fines Helvetiorum et Allobrogum, qui nuper pacatl 
erant, Rhodanus fluit, isque nonnullis locis vado tran- 
situr. 

Extremum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helve- 
tiorum fmibus Genava. Ex eo oppido pons ad Helvetios 
pertinet. Allobrogibus sese vel persuasuros, quod nondum 
bono animo in populum Romanum viderentur, existimabant, 
vel vi coacturos ut per suos fines eos Ire paterentur. Om- 
nibus rebus ad profectionem comparatls, diem dlcunt qua 
die ad rlpam RhodanI omnes conveniant. Is dies erat 
a. d. v. Kal. Apr., L. Plsone, A. Gablnio consulibus. 



7. THE NEWS REACHES CiESAR. — HIS ACTIVE 
MEASURES 

Caesar was at Rome, making preparations to set out on his post- 
consular appointment as governor of Gaul. Word was brought to 
him of the plans of the Helvetii. He immediately left Rome, and, 
by forced marches of fully one hundred miles a day, reached the 
Rhone within a week. On his arrival, he began vigorous operations 
against the Helvetii, who soon made overtures to him. But Caesar 
was unwilling to grant their request of a peaceful march across Ro- 



The news reaches csesar 13 

man dominion, especially because of his remembrance of certain 
reverses in the trouble with the Cimbri, in which the Helvetii had had 
a share, some fifty years before. However, he craftily postponed his 
answer to the Helvetian delegates until the middle of the coming 
April. Thus the wariness of the politician becomes the wariness of 
the military commander. 

Caesarl u id nuntiatum est. Eos 26 per provinciam nos- 
tram iter f acere 74 conarl 67 nuntiatum est. Cum id 
Caesarl 14 nuntiatum esset, 53 maturat 94 ab urbe proficisci. 74 
Caesar in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad 77 Genavam 
pervenit. Quam 73 maximls potest itineribus contendit. 
Provinciae 12 toti magnum numerum militum 5 imperat. 
Quam maximum potest numerum militum imperat. Erat 
omnino in Gallia ulteriore legio una. Pontem, 26 qui erat 
ad 77 Genavam, iubet 76 rescindl. Ubi 59 de eius 3 adventu 
Helvetii certiores 82 fact! sunt, legatos ad eum mittunt. Hi 
nobilissiml 82 clvitatis 5 erant. Helvetii legatos mittunt, 
cuius legationis 5 Nammeius et Verucloetius prlncipem 
locum obtinebant. Helvetii legatos ad Caesarem mittunt, 94 
qui 48 dicerent, 94 sibi 15 esse in animo iter per provinciam 
facere. Sibi esse 66 in animo per provinciam sine ullo 
maleficio Ire, 76 propterea quod aliud iter haberent 68 nul- 
lum. Helvetios rogare 67 ut, voluntate 38 Caesaris, id sibi 98 
facere 76 liceat. 48 

Ccesar's reasons for rejecting ; his duplicity 

Caesar id concedendum 85 esse non putabat, quod 60 Lu- 
cium Cassium memoria tenebat. L. Cassius, consul, occl- 
sus erat. Exercitus eius ab Helvetils 30 pulsus et sub 
iugum missus erat. Caesar, quod memoria 32 tenebat L. 
Cassium, 26 consulem, 79 occlsum, 76 concedendum 67 non 
putabat. Neque exlstimabat homines, 26 inimico animo, 36 



1 4 THE BEGINNER'S C^ESAk 

temperaturos 84 esse ab iniuria et maleficio. 27 Caesar non 
existimabat Helvetios, 26 f acultate 43 itineris 6 faciundi 6 per 
provinciam data, temperaturos 67 a maleficio. Tamen, 
legatis X1 respondit se 26 diem ad deliberandum 71 sumptu- 
rum 66 esse. Tamen, ut spatium intercedere 74 posset, 
dum ° 5 milites convenient, legatis respondit se diem sump- 
turum. 84 Legatis respondit : si quid vellent, 68 ad Idus 77 
Apriles reverterentur. 70 

»o« 

CHAPTER VII OF CiESAR 

7. Caesari cum id nuntiatum esset, eos per provinciam 

nostram iter facere conari, maturat ab urbe proficisci, et 

quam maxim is potest itineribus in Galliam ulte- 

Caesar de- \ \ 

lays them by riorem contendit et ad Genavam pervenit. Pro- 
vinciae toti quam maximum potest militum 
numerum imperat (erat omnino in Gallia ulteriore legio 
una), pontem qui erat ad Genavam iubet rescindl. Ubi 
de eius adventu Helvetii certiores fact! sunt, legatos ad 
eum mittunt nobilissimos civitatis, cuius legationis Nam- 
meius et Verucloetius prlncipem locum obtinebant, qui 
dlcerent sibi esse in animo sine ullo maleficio iter per pro- 
vinciam facere, propterea quod aliud iter haberent nullum : 
rogare ut eius voluntate id sibi facere liceat. Caesar, quod 
memoria tenebat L. Cassium consulem occisum exerci- 
tumque eius ab Helvetiis pulsum et sub iugum missum, 
concedendum non putabat ; neque homines inimico ani- 
mo, data facultate per provinciam itineris faciundi, tempe- 
raturos ab iniuria et maleficio existimabat. Tamen, ut 
spatium intercedere posset dum milites quos imperaverat 
convenlrent, legatis respondit diem se ad deliberandum 
sumpturum : si quid vellent, ad Id. Apr. reverterentur. 



CAESAR'S FORTIFICA TIOXS I 5 



8. CESAR'S FORTIFICATIONS 

• Note : For a full description of this line of defenses, see the 
Notes. 

Interea, a lacu Lemanno ad montem Iuram, murum fos- 
samque perducit. Ea legione, 32 quam secum habebat, 
militibusque qui ex provincia 40 convenerant, murum fos- 
samque perducit. A lacu Lemanno, qui in flumen 25 Rho- 
danum InfTuit, ad montem Iuram, qui fines Sequanorum 
ab 95 Helvetiis dividit, murum fossamque perducit. Mu- 
rum fossamque, milia 23 passum xviiii in longitudinem, 
perducit. Murum fossamque, in altitudinem pedum 2 se- 
decim, perducit. Eo opere perfecto, praesidia disponit et 
castella communit, quo 78 facilius Helvetios prohibere pos- 
sit. Caesar castella communit, quo facilius, si se 43 invito 
transire conarentur, 96 prohibere possit. 



The appointed day arrives, and Caesar refuses the request 
made several days before 

Ea dies, quam constituerat cum legatis, venit. Legati 
ad eum reverterunt. lis dixit Caesar : More et exemplo 
pop ull Romani, non possum iter ulli per provinciam dare; 
si vim facere conabimiiil** prohibebo* 2 

Ubi 69 ea dies, quam constituerat cum legatis, venit, negat 
se 26 posse 67 iter ulli 1X dare. 74 

Ubi ea dies venit et legati ad eum reverterunt, negat se 
posse iter per provinciam dare. Si vim facere conentur, 68 
se eos prohibiturum esse ostendit. Negat se, m5re 29 et 
exemplo popull RomanI, 3 posse iter ulli per provinciam 
dare. 



i6 



THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 



The Helvetii attempt to pass, but are repulsed 

Helvetii, ea spe 95 deiecti, si perrumpere possent, 56 co- 
nati sunt. Navibus iunctis ratibusque compluribus factis, 43 
Helvetii conati sunt si perrumpere possent. Alii vadls 32 
Rhodani, qua minima 82 altitudo fluminis erat, nonnumquam 
interdiu, saepius noctii, si perrumpere possent, conati sunt. 
Helvetii, operis munltione 32 et mllitum 3 concursu et tells 
repulsi, hoc 95 c5natu destiterunt. 



CHAPTER VIII OF CiESAR^ TEXT 

8. Interea ea legione quam secum habebat mllitibusque 
qui ex provincia convenerant, a lacu Lemanno, qui in flu- 
He prevents men Rhodanum Influit, ad montem Iuram, qui 

their crossing _ ....... 

the Rhone. fines Sequanorum ab Helvetils dividit, miha 
passuum decern novem murum in altitudinem pedum sede- 
cim fossamque perducit. Eo opere perfecto praesidia dis- 
ponit, castella communit, quo facilius, si se invito translre 
conarentur, prohibere possit. Ubi ea dies quam consti- 
tuent cum legatis venit, et legati ad eum reverterunt, negat 
se more et exemplo popull Roman! posse iter ulll per pro- 
vinciam dare ; et, si vim facere conentur, prohibiturum 
ostendit. Helvetii ea spe deiecti, navibus iunctis ratibus- 
que compluribus factis, alii vadls Rhodani, qua minima alti- 
tudo fluminis erat, nonnumquam interdiu, saepius noctu, si 
perrumpere possent conati, operis munltione et mllitum 
concursu et tells repulsi hoc conatu destiterunt. 



ACROSS THE SEQUANIAN COUNTRY *7 

9. ACROSS THE SEQUANIAN COUNTRY 

Failing to force a way against Caesar's obstructions, the exit 
through the famous Pas de l'Ecluse alone remained. Let the student 
study the map of Helvetia, p. 48. 

Relinquebatur una via per Sequanos, qua, 32 Sequanis 43 
invltls, propter angustias non poterant ire. Cum Helvetil, 
sua sponte, 34 his 12 persuadere non possent, 51 legatos ad 
Dumnoiigein Aeduum mittunt. Legatos ad Dumnorigem 
mittunt, 94 ut, eo 43 deprecatore, a Sequanis impetrarent. 94 

Dumnorix, the sEduan 

Dumnorfx, gratia 29 et largltione, apud Sequanos pluri- 
mum poterat. Helvetiis 19 erat amicus 82 quod ex ea civi- 
tate filiam Orgetorigis in matrimonium duxerat. Cupidi- 
tate 29 regni 4 adductus, novis rebus 12 studebat. Quam 73 
plurimas civitates suo beneficio 34 obstrictas 88 habere vole- 
bat. Itaque rem suscipit et a Sequanis impetrat ut per 
fines suos Helvetios Ire patiantur. 49 Perficit ut inter sese 
obsides dent. SequanI obsides dant ne 48 itinere 27 Helve- 
tios prohibeant. Helvetil, ut sine 34 maleficio et iniuria 
transeant. 48 



CHAPTER IX OF CiESAR 

9. Relinquebatur una per Sequanos via, qua Sequanis 
invltls propter angustias Ire non poterant. His The Helve _ 
cum sua sponte persuadere non possent, le- tians obtai n 

x x x permission 

gatos ad Dumnorigem Aeduum mittunt, ut eo from the Se- 
deprecatore a Sequanis impetrarent. Dumno- thrTughthelr 
rlx gratia et largltione apud Sequanos plurimum countr y- 
poterat, et Helvetiis erat amicus quod ex ea clvitate 



1 8 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

Orgetorigis filiam in matrimonium duxerat ; et cupiditate 
regnl adductus novis rebus studebat, et quam plurimas 
clvitates suo beneficio habere obstrictas volebat. Itaque 
rem suscipit et a Sequanls impetrat ut per fines suos Hel- 
vetios ire patiantur, obsidesque utl inter sese dent perficit : 
Sequani, ne itinere Helvetios prohibeant ; Helvetii, ut sine 
maleficio et iniuria transeant. 



10. REPORTED DESTINATION OF THE HELVETII 

Caesarl 11 renuntiatur, Helvetiis esse 66 in animo per 
agrum Sequanorum x et Aeduorum iter in fines 25 Santo- 
num x facere. 76 Santones non longe a f Inibus 95 Tolosatium 
absunt, quae civitas est in provincia. 

Reason for Ccesar's opposition 

Si id fiet, 62 magno cum 33 perlculo provinciae erit. 62 
Si id fieret, 68 Caesar intellegebat cum magno perlculo fu- 
turum esse ut 10 ° provincia homines bellicosos fmitimos 79 
haberet. Intellegebat magno cum perlculo futurum esse 
ut provincia homines, popull 4 RomanI inimlcos, 79 locls 39 
patentibus fmitimos 79 haberet. 100 Magno cum perlculo 
erit ut provincia Helvetios locls patentibus maximeque 
frumentarils habeat. 94 

Ccesar returns to Italy for new legions 

Ob eas causas, el munition!, 13 quam fecerat, Titum La- 
bienum legatum 79 praefecit. Ipse in Italiam magnis itineri- 
bus contendit. Ibi duas legiones conscrlbit 94 et tres, quae 



DESTINA TION OF THE HEL VE Til 1 9 

circum Aquileiam hiemabant, 94 ex hlbernis educit. Qua 
proximum 82 iter in ulteriorem Galliam per Alpes erat, cum 
his 33 quinque legionibus ire contendit. 

The Alpine tribes vainly block his way 

Ibi Ceutrones et Graioceli et Caturiges, locis superiori- 
bus occupatls, 43 exercitum itinere 27 prohibere conantur. 
His 43 compluribus proeliis 34 pulsis, ab Ocelo in fines Vo- 
contiorum die 41 septimo pervenit. Ocelum est citerioris 
provinciae oppidum extremum. 82 Vocontii sunt ulterioris 
provinciae. 5 Inde in fines Allobrogum, ab Allobrogibus 
in Segusiavos exercitum ducit. Hi sunt extra provinciam 
trans Rhodanum primi. 



CHAPTER X OF CiESAR 

10. Caesarl renuntiatur Helvetiis esse in animo per 
agrum Sequanorum et Aeduorum iter in Santonum fines 
facere, qui non longe a Tolosatium finibus ab- Cses 
sunt, quae civitas est in provincia. Id si fleret, brings up his 

• forces to op- 

mtellegebat magno cum periculo provinciae pose their 
futurum ut homines bellicosos, populi Roman! passa ^ e - 
inimicos, locis patentibus maximeque frumentarils fmitimos 
haberet. Ob eas causas ei munition! quam fecerat T. La- 
bienum legatum praefecit ; ipse in Italiam magnls itineribus 
contendit duasque ibi legiones conscrlbit, et tres, quae cir- 
cum Aquileiam hiemabant, ex hlbernis educit, et, qua proxi- 
mum iter in ulteriorem Galliam per Alpes erat, cum his quin- 
que legionibus Ire contendit. Ibi Ceutrones et Graioceli et 
Caturiges locis superioribus occupatls itinere exercitum 



20 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

prohibere conantur. Compluribus his proelils pulsis, ab 
Ocelo, quod est citerioris provinciae extremum, in fines 
Vocontiorum ulterioris provinciae die septimo pervenit ; 
inde in Allobrogum fines, ab Allobrogibus in Segusiavos 
exercitum ducit. Hi sunt extra provinciam trans Rhoda- 
num priml. 



11. THE RAVAGES OF WAR 

" Even now the devastation is begun, 
And half the business of destruction done." 

— Goldsmith. 

Helvetii iam per angustias et fines Sequanorum suas 
copias traduxerant. In fines Aeduorum pervenerant, 
eorumque agros populabantur. Aedui, cum se suaque ab 
ils defendere non possent, legatos ad Caesarem mittunt. 
Legatos mittunt rogatum 71 auxilium. 

The ^Edui 

" The ^Edui alone of the Gauls claim the name of brotherhood 
with the Roman people." — Tacitus. 

Aedui dlcunt : Se 66 ita meritos esse ut agri vastari non 
debuerint. Ita se omni tempore meritos esse ut llberi 
Aeduorum in servitutem abduci non debuerint. Ita se de 
populo Romano meritos esse, ut paene in conspectu exer- 
citus nostri oppida eorum expugnari non debuerint. 

" We have nothing left" 

Eodem tempore Ambarrl, necessarii et consanguine! 
Aeduorum, Caesarem certiorem faciunt : sese vim hostium 



THE RAVAGES OF WAR 21 

non facile prohibere. Ambarri dicunt : sese, depopulatis 
agrls, non facile ab oppidis vim hostium prohibere. Item 
Allobroges, qui trans Rhodanum vicos possessionesque 
habebant, fuga 34 se ad Caesarem recipiunt. Demonstrant : 
sibi, 15 praeter agri 6 solum, nihil esse reliqul. 5 Quibus 
rebus adductus, Caesar non exspectandum esse sibi 16 sta- 
tuit, dum Helvetii in fines Santonum pervenlrent. 55 Sta- 
tuit sibi non exspectandum, dum, omnibus fortunis sociorum 
consumptis, in Santones Helvetii pervenlrent. 



CHAPTER XI OF C^SAR 

II. Helvetii iam per angustias et fines Sequanorum 
suas copias traduxerant, et in Aeduorum fines pervenerant 
eorumque agros populabantur. Aedui, cum se 
suaque ab eis defendere non possent, legatos ^ans^nvad 
ad Caesarem mittunt rosratum auxilium : Ita se the country 

,_ ,_ -^ _ _ . _ ofthe^dui 

omni tempore de populo Romano mentos esse who implore 
ut paene in conspectu exercitus nostri agri vas- te ^ r n ^ pro " 
tari, liberi eorum in servittitem abdiicl, oppida 
expugnari non debuerint. Eodem tempore Ambarri, neces- 
sarii et consanguine! Aeduorum, Caesarem certiorem faci- 
unt sese depopulatis agrls non facile ab oppidis vim hostium 
prohibere. Item Allobroges, qui trans Rhodanum vicos 
possessionesque habebant, fuga se ad Caesarem recipiunt 
et demonstrant sibi praeter agri solum nihil esse reliqul. 
Quibus rebus adductus Caesar non exspectandum sibi sta- 
tuit dum, omnibus fortunis sociorum consumptis, in San- 
tonos Helvetii pervenirent. 



22 THE BEGINNER'S CJESAR 



12. THE CROSSING OF THE SAONE 

Flumen est Arar, quod per fines Aeduorum et Sequa- 
norum in Rhodanum influit. Arar incredibili 34 lenitate ita 
fluit ut 10 ° oculis 32 in utram partem fluat 56 iudicarl non 
possit. Id Helvetii, ratibus ac lintribus iunctis, transi- 
bant. 86 Caesar certior factus est, Helvetios tres 22 partes 
copiarum id flumen 22 traduxisse. 92 Per exploratores " 
Caesar certior factus est, quartern fere partem citra flumen 
Ararim reliquam esse. De tertia vigilia cum legionibus 
tribus e castrls profectus, 83 ad earn partem pervenit, quae 
nondum flumen transierat. 

The first contact at arms 

Eos impedltos et inopinantes aggressus, 83 magnam par- 
tem eorum concidit. Reliqui sese fugae mandarunt (man- 
daverunt) atque in proximas silvas 25 abdiderunt. Is pagus 
appellabatur Tigurmus : nam omnis civitas Helvetia in 
quattuor pagos divisa est. Hie pagus unus L. Cassium con- 
sulem interfecerat et eius exercitum sub iugum miserat. 
Cassium, cum domo 40 exisset patrum nostrorum memoria, 41 
Tigurini interfecerant. 

Significance of the fate of the Tigurini 

Ita, pars civitatis Helvetiae, quae inslgnem calamitatem 
populo Romano 13 intulerat, prmceps poenas persolvit. Ita 
slve casu slve consilio 38 deorum immortalium, quae pars 
civitatis Helvetiae inslgnem calamitatem populo Romano 
intulerat, ea prmceps poenas persolvit. Qua in re (quare) 
Caesar non solum publicas sed etiam privatas iniurias ultus 



THE CROSSING OF THE SAONE 23 

est. Privatas iniurias ultus est quod Tigurini L. Plsdnem 
legatum proelio interfecerant. Eodem proelio, 41 quo Cas- 
sium, Pisonem interfecerant. L. Plso legatus avus erat 
Plsonis, Caesaris * socerl. 79 Qua in re Caesar non solum 
publicas sed etiam privatas iniurias ultus est, quod eius 
socerl L. Plsonis avum, L. Pisonem legatum, Tigurini 
eodem proelio, quo 41 Cassium, interfecerant. 



CHAPTER XII OF C^SAR 

12. Flumen est Arar, quod per fines Aeduorum et Se- 
quanorum in Rhodanum Inrluit, incredibill lenitate, ita ut 
oculls in utram partem fluat iudicari non possit. 
Id Helvetil ratibus ac lintribus iunctls transl- ^zoi\\\T*~ 
bant. Ubi per exploratores Caesar certior Arar Cses ar 

destroys the 

f actus est tres iam partes copiarum Helvetios Tigurini who 
id flumen traduxisse, quartam fere partem citra rear-guard of 
flumen Ararim reliquam esse, de tertia vigilia !|^ e n ^ elve " 
cum legionibus tribus e castrls profectus, ad 
earn partem pervenit quae nondum flumen transierat. Eos 
impedltos et inoplnantes aggressus magnam partem eorum 
concldit ; reliqui sese fugae mandarunt atque in proximas 
silvas abdiderunt. Is pagus appellabatur Tigurlnus ; nam 
omnis clvitas Helvetia in quattuor pagos divlsa est. 
Hie pagus unus, cum domo exlsset patrum nostrorum 
memoria, L. Cassium consulem interfecerat et eius exer- 
citum sub iugum mlserat. Ita slve casu slve consilio 
deorum immortalium, quae pars clvitatis Helvetiae In- 
slgnem calamitatem populo Romano intulerat, ea prlnceps 
poenas persolvit. Qua in re Caesar non solum publicas 



24 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

sed etiam privatas iniurias ultus est, quod eius socerl L. 
Plsonis avum, L. Plsonem legatum, Tigurlnl eodem proe- 
lio quo Cassium interfecerant. 



13. ACROSS THE SAONE 

Hoc proelio facto, Caesar pontem in Arare faciendum 71 
curat. Ita exercitum traducit ut reliquas copias Helvetio- 
rum consequl posset. Helvetii repentlno eius 3 adventu 29 
commoti sunt, cum id, quod ipsi diebus 42 viginti aegerrime 
confecerant, Caesarem uno die 42 fecisse intellegerent 51 . 
Legatos ad eum mittunt, cuius legationis 4 Divico piinceps 
fuit. Is bello 41 Cassiano dux Helvetiorum fuerat. 

Divico 's speech 

Is ita cum Caesare egit : Si populus Romanus pacem 
cum Helvetiis faceret, Helvetios in earn partem ituros esse 
atque ibi futuros, ubi Caesar eos constituisset atque esse 
voluisset. Sin Caesar eos bello persequi perseveraret, 
reminisceretur 70 veteris 8 incommodi populi Roman!. Re- 
minisceretur pristinae virtutis Helvetiorum. Quod im- 
provlso unum pagum adortus esset, cum 53 ii, qui flumen 
transissent, suis 17 auxilium ferre non possent, ne virtuti 
populi RomanI tribueret. Quod unum pagum adortus 
esset, ne ob earn rem aut suae magnopere virtuti tribueret 
aut Helvetios ipsos despiceret. Se ita a patribus didicisse, 
ut virtute 32 contenderent. 49 Se ita a patribus maioribus- 
que suis didicisse, ut magis virtute contenderent quam 
dolo aut Insidiis 32 nlterentur. Quare, ne committeret ut 



ACROSS THE SAONE 2$ 

is locus, ex calamitate populi RomanI nomen caperet. 49 
Ne committeret ut is locus, ubi constitissent, ex interne- 
cione exercitus 4 RomanI nomen caperet, aut memoriam 
proderet. 

Divico's speech in direct discourse 

Note : Let the pupil examine carefully the changes made, com- 
paring it closely with the preceding indirect form. Study Rules 66-70. 

" Si populus Romanus pacem cum Helvetiis faciei, 
Helve til in earn partem ibunt atque ibi erunt, ubi eos tu, 
Caesar, constitueris atque esse volueris. Sin tu, Caesar, 
eos bello persequi perseverabis, reminlscere veteris incom- 
modi populi RomanI. Reminiscere prlstinae virtutis Hel- 
vetiorum. Quod improvlso unum pagum adortus es, cum 
ii, qui flumen transzerant, suls auxilium ferre non possent, 
noil virtutl populi RomanI tribuere. Quod unum pagum 
adortus es 9 noil ob earn rem aut tuae magnopere virtutl 
tribuere aut Helvetios ipsos despicere. Nos ita a patribus 
didicimus ut virtute contendamus \ Nos ita a patribus ma- 
ioribusque nostrls didicimus ut magis virtute conte?idamus 
quam dolo aut Insidils nltamur. Quare noil committere ut 
is locus ex calamitate populi RomanI nomen capiat. Noll 
committere ut is locus, ubi constitimus, ex internecione 
exercitus RomanI nomen capiat, aut memoriam prodat." 



CHAPTER XIII OF CAESAR 

13. Hoc proelio facto, reliquas copias Helvetiorum ut 
consequl posset, pontem in Arare faciendum curat atque 
ita exercitum traducit. Helvetii repentlno eius adventu 
commotl, cum id quod ipsi diebus xx aegerrime confe- 



26 



THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 



The Hel- 
vetians, 
headed by 
Divico, 
haughtily 
ask for 
peace. 



cerant, ut flumen transirent, ilium uno die fecisse intel- 
legerent, legatos ad eum mittunt ; cuius legationis Divico 
prmceps fuit, qui bello Cassiano dux Helvetio- 
rum fuerat. Is ita cum Caesare egit: Si pacem 
populus Romanus cum Helvetiis faceret, in earn 
partem ituros atque ibi futuros Helvetios ubi 
eos Caesar constituisset atque esse voluisset : 
sin bello persequi perseveraret, reminiscere- 
tur et veteris incommodi populi Roman! et prlstinae 
virtutis Helvetiorum. Quod improviso unum pagum ador- 
tus esset, cum ei qui flumen translssent suis auxilium ferre 
non possent, ne ob earn rem aut suae magnopere virtutl 
tribueret aut ipsos despiceret : se ita a patribus maioribus- 
que suis didicisse ut magis virtute contenderent quam dolo 
aut Insidiis niterentur. Qua re ne committeret ut is locus 
ubi constitissent ex calamitate populi Roman! et inter- 
necione exercitus nomen caperet aut memoriam proderet. 




Signa 



C^ESA R'S RE PL Y 2J 

14. CESAR'S REPLY 

His Caesar ita respondit : Eo 29 sibi minus dubitationis 5 
darl, quod eas res memoria teneret. Se eas res, quas 
legatl Helvetii commemorassent, eo gravius ferre quo 81 
minus merito 38 populi RomanI accidissent. Si populus 
Romanus alicuius iniuriae 7 sibi 18 conscius fuisset, non 
fuisse difficile cavere. Sed populum Romanum eo decep- 
tum esse, quod aliquid a se commissum esse non intel- 
legeret, quare timeret. Eo deceptum, quod sine causa 
sibi 16 timendum esse non putaret. Quod 101 si veteris con- 
tumeliae 8 obliviscl vellet, num 69 etiam memoriam re- 
centium iniuriarum 4 deponere posse? 69 Num etiam re- 
centium iniuriarum — quod, eo invito, 43 Helvetii iter per 
provinciam per vim temptassent, quod Aeduos et Ambar- 
ros et Allobroges vexassent — memoriam deponere posse? 
Quod Helvetii sua victoria 29 tarn insolenter gioriarentur, 
quodque tarn diu se impune iniurias tulisse admirarentur, 
eodem pertinere. Consuesse enim deos immortales his, 11 
quos ulcisci velint, secundiores res et diuturniorem im- 
punitatem concedere. Quo 78 gravius homines ex commu- 
tatione rerum doleant, deos immortales his, quos pro 
scelere eorum ulcisci velint, secundiores interdum res con- 
cedere. 

Cessans terms of peace 

Cum ea ita sint, 52 tamen, sese cum Helvetiis pacem 
facturum esse. Si obsides ab iis sibi dentur, et si Aeduis 98 
de iniuriis, satisfaciant, item si Allobrogibus 98 satisfaciant, 
sese cum Helvetiis pacem esse facturum. Si obsides ab 
iis sibi dentur, ut ea, quae polliceantur, Helvetios facturos 
esse intellegat, Caesarem cum iis pacem esse facturum. 



28 THE BEGINNER'S CjESAR 

Si Helvetii Aeduis de iniuriis, quas ipsis 13 socilsque eorum 
intulerint, satisfaciant, sese cum ils pacem esse facturum. 

Divico's retort 

Divico respondit : Helvetios a maioribus suls ita Insti- 
tutes esse, ut obsides accipere, non dare consuerint. Eius 
rei 4 populum Romanum esse testem. Hoc responso dato, 
discessit. 

Note : Let the pupil now write Caesar's reply in direct form. 



CHAPTER XIV OF C2ESAR 

14. His Caesar ita respondit : Eo sibi minus dubitatio- 
nis dari, quod eas res quas legati Helvetii commemoras- 
Csesarpro- sent memoria teneret, atque eo gravius ferre 
whTchth" 18 ( 1 U ^ mmus m ^rito populi RomanI accidissent ; 
refuse. qui si alicuius iniuriae sibi conscius fuisset, 

non fuisse difficile cavere ; sed eo deceptum, quod neque 
commissum a se intellegeret qua re timeret, neque sine 
causa timendum putaret. Quod si veteris contumeliae 
obllviscl vellet, num etiam recentium iniuriarum, quod eo 
invito iter per provinciam per vim temptassent, quod 
Aeduos, quod Ambarros, quod Allobroges vexassent, 
memoriam deponere posse ? Quod sua victoria tarn Inso- 
lenter gloriarentur, quodque tarn diu se impune iniurias 
tulisse admirarentur, eodem pertinere. Consuesse enim 
deos immortales, quo gravius homines ex commutatione 
rerum doleant, quos pro scelere eorum ulclsci velint, his 
secundiores interdum res et diuturniorem impunitatem 
concedere. Cum ea ita sint, tamen, si obsides ab els sibi 



BOTH ARMIES ADVANCE 29 

dentur, uti ea quae polliceantur facturos intellegat, et si 
Aeduis de iniurils quas ipsis sociisque eorum intulerint, 
item si Allobrogibus satisfaciant, sese cum els pacem esse 
facturum. Divico respondit : Ita Helvetios a maioribus 
suis mstitutos esse uti obsides accipere, non dare, con- 
suerint ; eius rel populum Romanum esse testem. Hoc 
responso dato discessit. 



15. BOTH ARMIES ADVANCE 

Postero die castra ex eo loco movent. Idem facit Cae- 
sar. Equitatum omnem, ad 77 numerum quattuor milium, 
praemittit, qui 48 videant, quas in partes hostes iter fa- 
ciant. 56 Equitatum omnem, quern ex omni provincia et 
Aeduis atque eorum sociis coactum habebat, praemittit. 

Ccesar meets a slight reverse 

Qui 89 novissimum agmen cupidius 88 Insecuti, alieno 
loco 39 cum equitatu Helvetiorum proelium committunt. 
Pauci de nostris cadunt. Quo proelio sublatl sunt Helve- 
til, quod quingentis equitibus tantam multitudinem equi- 
tum propulerant. Helvetii, eo proelio sublatl, audacius 
subsistere nonnumquam et novissimo agmine proelio nos- 
tros lacessere coeperunt. Caesar suos a proelio contine- 
bat ac satis habebat in praesentia hostem rapmis, pabula- 
tionibus populationibusque prohibere. Ita dies 23 circiter 
qumdecim iter fecerunt, ut inter novissimum agmen nos- 
trum et nostrum primum non amplius 31 qumls aut senis 
milibus passuum interesset. 



30 THE BEGINNER'S C&SAR 



CHAPTER XV OF C^SAR 

15. Postero die castra ex eo loco movent. Idem facit 
Caesar, equitatumque omnem, ad numerum quattuor mi- 
Caesar foi- lium, quern ex omnl provincia et Aeduis atque 
lows the eorum sociis coactum habebat, praemittit qui 

Helvetians t % . . 

and is de- videant quas in partes hostes iter faciant. Qui 

feated in a . ■,. . _ __._ ,._ _ 

cavalry skir- cupidius novissimum agmen insecuti alieno 
mish. \oo.b cum equitatu Helvetiorum proelium com- 

mittunt ; et pauci de nostris cadunt. Quo proelio sublati 
Helvetii, quod qumgentls equitibus tantam multitudinem 
equitum propulerant, audacius subsistere nonnumquam et 
novissimo agmine proelio nostros lacessere coeperunt. 
Caesar suos a proelio continebat, ac satis habebat in prae- 
sentia hostem rapinis, pabulationibus populationibusque 
prohibere. Ita dies circiter qulndecim iter fecerunt uti 
inter novissimum hostium agmen et nostrum primum non 
amplius quinis aut senis mllibus passuum interesset. 



16. LACK OF SUPPLIES 

Interim cotidie Caesar Aeduos 21 frumentum, quod pub- 
lice polliciti essent, 68 flagitare. 72 Nam, propter frigora, 
non modo frumenta in agris matura non erant, sed ne pa- 
bull quidem satis magna copia suppetebat. Propter frigora, 
quod Gallia sub septentrionibus, ut ante dictum est, posita 
est, satis magna copia pabull non suppetebat. Eo autem 
frumento 35 , quod rlumine 32 Arare navibus subvexerat, uti 
minus poterat, propterea quod Helvetii iter ab Arare aver- 



LA CK OF SUPPLIES 3 l 

terant, a quibus discedere nolebat. Diem 23 ex die du- 
cere 72 Aedui. Frumentum conferri, 67 comportari, adesse 
dlcere Aedui. 

CcEsar censures the sEdui 

Ubi se diutius 88 duel intellexit et diem instare, quo die 
frumentum militibus metiri oporteret, principibus eorum 
convocatis, graviter eos accusat. Principum Aeduorum 
magnam copiam in castris habebat, in his Divitiaco et Lis- 
co. 43 Liscus summo magistratui 13 praeerat, quern Aedui 
vergobretum™ appellant, qui creatur annuus et vitae 6 ne- 
cisque in suos potestatem habet. Caesar principes graviter 
accusat, quod, cum frumentum neque emi neque ex agris 
sumi posset, 94 tarn necessario tempore, tarn propinquis 
hostibus, 43 ab iis non sublevetur. 54 Multo 81 etiam gravius 
queritur, praesertim cum, eorum precibus adductus, bel- 
lum susceperit. Eos accusat, quod sit destitutus. 68 



CHAPTER XVI OF CAESAR'S TEXT 

l6. Interim cotidie Caesar Aeduos frumentum quod 
essent publice polliciti flagitare. Nam propter frigora, 
quod Gallia sub septentrionibus, ut ante dic- 
tum est, posita est, non modo f riimenta in agris f ail to furnish 
matiira non erant, sed ne pabuli quidem satis C x * aT P ro ™- 

r n ised supplies. 

magna copia suppetebat; eo autem frumento 
quod flumine Arare navibus subvexerat propterea minus 
uti poterat, quod iter ab Arare Helvetii averterant, a qui. 
bus discedere nolebat. Diem ex die ducere Aedui ; con- 
ferri, comportari, adesse dicere. Ubi se diutius duci in- 
tellexit et diem instare quo die frumentum militibus metiri 



3 2 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

oporteret, convocatis eorum prlncipibus, quorum magnam 
copiam in castris habebat, in his Dlvitiaco et Lisco, qui 
summo magistratul praeerat, quern vergobretum appellant 
Aedul, qui creatur annuus et vitae necisque in suos habet 
potestatem, graviter eos accusat, quod, cum neque emi 
neque ex agris sum! posset, tarn necessario tempore, tarn 
propinquis hostibus, ab els non sublevetur ; praesertim 
cum magna ex parte eorum precibus adductus bellum sus- 
ceperit, multo etiam gravius quod sit destitutus queritur. 



17. LISCUS EXPLAINS THE CAUSE: OPPOSITION 
OF A POWERFUL PRIVATE CLASS 

Liscus oratione Caesaris adductus est. Turn demum 
Liscus proponit quod antea tacuerat. Dixit : Esse non- 
nullos, quorum auctoritas plurimum valeat quam ipsi ma- 
gistrattis. Quos privatim plus posse quam magistratus. 
Hos multitudinem deterrere, ne frumentum conferant quod 
conferre 74 debeant. Hos seditiosa' atque improba ora- 
tione plebem deterrere ne frumentum conferant quod de- 
beant. Hos prmcipatum Galliae 4 obtinere non posse. Hos 
dicere 67 : Gallorum 3 quam Romanorum imperia perferre 
praestare. Hos dicere : si iam prmcipatum Galliae obti- 
nere non possint, Gallorum imperia perferre praestare. 
Hos dicere : se non dubitare quln 80 RomanI Aeduis 87 ll- 
bertatem sint erepturi. 84 Hos dicere : si Helvetios supe- 
raverint Romani, Romanos una cum reliqua Gallia Aeduis 
llbertatem erepturos esse. 

Ab elsdem nostra consilia hostibus enimtiarl. Nostra 
consilia quaeque in castris gerantur enuntiari. Hos a se 
coercerl 76 non posse. Se Caesari necessariam rem enun- 



THE DISCLOSURES OF LIS C US 33 

tiare coactum. 67 Intellegere sese cum quanto 56 perlculo 
id fecerit. 56 Se ob earn causam, quam diu potuerit, ta- 



CHAPTER XVII OF CESAR'S TEXT 
17. Turn demum Liscus oratione Caesaris adductus 
quod antea tacuerat proponit : Esse nonnullos quorum 
auctoritas apud plebem plurimum valeat, qui Liscus 
prlvatim plus possint quam ipsi magistratus. shows the 
Hos seditiosa atque improba oratione multitu- an iEduan 
dinem deterrere ne frumentum conferant quod headed by 
debeant: praestare, si iam principatum Galliae Dumnonx - 
obtinere non possint, Gallorum quam Romanorum imperia 
perferre ; neque dubitare quin, si Helvetios superaverint 
Roman!, una cum reliqua Gallia Aeduis libertatem sint 
erepturi. Ab eisdem nostra consilia quaeque in castris ge- 
rantur hostibus enuntiarl ; hos a se coerceri non posse. 
Quin etiam, quod necessariam rem coactus Caesari enun- 
tiarit, intellegere sese quanto id cum perlculo fecerit, et ob 
earn causam quam diu potuerit tacuisse. 



17. IN DIRECT DISCOURSE FOR PURPOSE OF 
COMPARISON 

Liscits^ own words to Ccesar 

" Sunt nonnulli quorum auctoritas valeat, qui prlvatim 
plus possint 50 quam ipsi magistratus. HI multitudinem 
deterrent ne frumentum conferant 48 quod debent. Praes- 
tat, si iam principatum obtinere non possunt, Gallorum 
imperia perferre ; neque dubitant quin, 80 si Helvetios su- 



34 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

peraverint R5manl, libertatem sint erepturi. Ab eisdem 
vestra consilia quaeque in castris gerantur hostibus enun- 
tiantur ; hi a me coercen non possunt. Quin etiam, quod 
necessario coactus tibi enuntidvl^ intellego quanto id cum 
periculo fecerint, et ob earn causam quam diupotut tacui" 



18. THE PRIVATE CONFERENCE WITH LISCUS 

Caesar Dumnorlgem designari sentiebat. Hac oratione 
LiscI, Dumnorix designatus est. Caesar, pluribus 73 prae- 
sentibus, 43 eas res iactarl nolebat. Celeriter concilium 
dimittit. Liscum retinet. Quaerit ex eo solo ea quae in 
conventu dixerat. Liscus liberius atque audacius dicit. 
Caesar eadem secreto ab alils quaerit. Reperit ea esse 
vera : Dumnorlgem cupidum 82 rerum 7 novarum esse ; 
complures annos 23 portoria Aeduorum redempta habere. 

Dumnorix summa audacia 36 erat. Magna gratia 36 apud 
plebem erat. Complures annos omnia Aeduorum vecti- 
galia redempta habebat. Vectlgalia parvo pretio 37 re- 
dempta habebat, propterea quod, illo 43 licente, contra 
liceii auderet 54 nemo. His rebus suam rem familiarem 
augebat. Facultates magnas ad largiendum comparabat. 
Magnum numerum equitatus suo sumptu semper alebat. 
Equitatum circum se semper habebat. Domi 39 largiter 
poterat. Neque solum domi sed etiam apud f mitimas civi- 
tates largiter poterat. Huius potentiae 71 causa matrem in 
Biturlgibus collocavit. Matrem in Biturigibus homini illic 
nobilissimo ac potentissimo collocavit. Ipse ex Helvetiis 
uxorem habuit. Sororem ex matre et propinquas suas 
nuptum in alias civitates collocavit. Favebat et cupiebat 



D UMNO R IX 35 

Helvetiis 12 propter earn affinitatem. Odit etiam suo no- 
mine Caesarem et Romanos, quod eorum adventu 29 po- 
tentia eius deminuta sit. Eorum adventu, Dlvitiacus frater 
in antiquum locum gratiae 6 atque honoris restitutus est. 
Si quid accidat 63 Romanis, summam in spem, per Helve- 
tios, regni obtinendl veniat. Imperio 29 popull Roman!, 
de regno desperat. Non modo de regno, sed etiam de ea 
gratia quam habet, desperat. 

Proelium equestre adversum paucis ante diebus 81 fac- 
tum erat. Reperiebat in quaerendo Caesar, initium eius 
fugae 4 a Dumnorige factum esse. EquitatuI, 13 quern 
auxilio 17 Caesarl Aedui miserant, Dumnorix praeerat. 
Eorum 3 fuga, 29 reliquus equitatus perterritus est. 



CHAPTER XVIII OF CiESAR 

l8. Caesar hac oratione Lisci Dumnorigem, DivitiacI 
fratrem, designarl sentiebat ; sed, quod pluribus The influ 
praesentibus eas res iactari nolebat, celeriter enceofDum- 

... . . . T . . . norix. His 

concilium dimittit, Liscum retmet. Quaerit ex character 
solo ea quae in conventu dixerat. Dlcit liberius and po lcy * 
atque audacius. 

The influence of Dumnorix 
Eadem secreto ab alils quaerit; reperit esse vera: 'Ipsum 
esse Dumnorigem, summa audacia, magna apud plebem 
propter Hberalitatem gratia, cupidum rerum novarum. 

His character 
Complures annos portoria reliquaque omnia Aeduorum 
vectlgalia parvo pretio redempta habere, propterea quod 



36 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

illo licente contra liceri audeat nemo. His rebus et suam 
rem familiarem auxisse et facilitates ad largiendum mag- 
nas comparasse ; magnum numerum equitatus suo sumptu 
semper alere et circum se habere ; neque solum doml, sed 
etiam apud flnitimas civitates largiter posse, atque huius 
potentiae causa matrem in Biturigibus hominl illic nobilis- 
simo ac potentissimo collocasse, ipsum ex Helvetils uxorem 
habere, sororem ex matre et propinquas suas nuptum in 
alias civitates collocasse. 

His policy 

Favere et cupere Helvetils propter earn affmitatem, 
odisse etiam suo nomine Caesarem et Romanos, quod 
eorum adventu potentia eius deminuta et Divitiacus frater 
in antiquum locum gratiae atque honoris sit restitutus. 
Si quid accidat Romanis, summam in spem per Helvetios 
regni obtinendi venire ; imperio popull Roman! non modo 
de regno, sed etiam de ea quam habeat gratia, desperare.' 
Reperiebat etiam in quaerendo Caesar, quod proelium 
equestre adversum paucls ante diebus esset factum, initium 
eius fugae factum a Dumnorlge atque eius equitibus (nam 
equitatul, quern auxilio Caesarl Aedul mlserant, Dumnorlx 
praeerat); eorum fuga reliquum esse equitatum perterri- 
tum. 




Galeae 



IMPEA CHMENT OF D UMNO R IX 3 7 

19. FACTS AND SUSPICIONS WEIGH AGAINST 
THE iEDUAN MAGNATE 

Ad has suspiciones certissimae res accesserunt. Dum- 
norix per fines Sequanorum Helvetios traduxerat. Ob- 
sides inter eos dandos curaverat. Ea omnia, iniussu Cae- 
saris, fecerat. A magistrate Aeduorum accusatus erat. 
Ea omnia, Inscientibus Aeduis, fecerat. Quibus rebus 
cognitls, Caesar satis esse causae 5 arbitrabatur qua re in 
eum animadverteret. 49 Arbitrabatur satis esse causae 
qua re in Dumnorigem aut ipse animadverteret aut civita- 
tem animadvertere iuberet. 

The opposing force of Divitiacus^ loyalty 

Una res his omnibus rebus 12 repugnabat. DivitiacI 
fratris in populum Romanum summum studium cognoverat. 
Summam in se voluntatem cognoverat. Egregiam fidem, 
iustitiam, temperantiam DivitiacI cognoverat. Hoc omnibus 
Dumnorigis iniuriis repugnabat: nam verebatur Caesar, 
ne, eius supplicio, DivitiacI animum offenderet. 90 Itaque, 
priusquam quicquam conaretur, Divitiacum ad se vocari 
iubet. Cotidianls interpretibus remotls, per Gaium Vale- 
rium Procillum cum eo colloquitur. C. Valerius Procillus, 
prlnceps Galliae provinciae, familiaris suus erat. Ei 
summam omnium rerum fidem habebat. 

Caesar simul commonefacit quae, ipso praesente, in con- 
cilio Gallorum de Dumnorige sint dicta. 56 Ostendit quae 
separatim quisque de eo apud se dixerit. Caesar petit 
atque hortatur ut sine eius offensione animl 4 ipse de eo 
statuat. Caesar petit ut, causa cognita, vel ipse de eo 
statuat, vel civitatem statuere iubeat. 



3 8 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 



CHAPTER XIX OF CiESAR 

19. Quibus rebus cognitis, cum ad has suspiciones cer- 

tissimae res accederent, quod per fines Sequanorum Hel- 

vetios traduxisset, quod obsides inter eos dan- 

Caesar coun- . . ._ 

seis with dos curasset, quod ea omnia non modo miussu 

Divitiacus 
concerning 



suo et clvitatis sed etiam Inscientibus ipsis 
his brother fecisset, quod a magistrate Aeduorum accusa- 

Dumnorix. ^ ° 

retur, satis esse causae arbitrabatur qua re in 
eum aut ipse animadverteret aut civitatem animadvertere 
iuberet. His omnibus rebus unum repugnabat, quod 
DivitiacI fratris summum in populum Romanum studium, 
summam in se voluntatem, egregiam fidem, iustitiam, 
temperantiam cognoverat : nam ne eius supplicio DivitiacI 
animum offenderet verebatur. Itaque priusquam quic- 
quam conaretur, Divitiacum ad se vocarl iubet, et cotidia- 
nis interpretibus remotis per C. Valerium Procillum, prin- 
cipem Galliae provinciae, familiarem suum, cui summam 
omnium rerum fidem habebat, cum eo colloquitur ; simul 
commonefacit quae ipso praesente in concilio Gallorum de 
Dumnorige sint dicta, et ostendit quae separatim quisque 
de eo apud se dixerit; petit atque hortatur ut sine eius 
oflensione animl vel ipse de eo, causa cognita, statuat, vel 
civitatem statuere iubeat. 




Ndvis Longa 



THE PLEA OF DIVITIACUS 39 

20. THE PLEA OF DIVITIACUS 

Divitiacus, multls cum lacrimls, 34 Caesarem complexus 
est. Obsecrare coepit ne quid gravius 88 in fratrem sta- 
tueret. 

• Divitiacus dixit : 
" Sew haec esse vera, nee qicisquam ex eo plus quam 
ego doloris 5 capit, propterea quod, cum ego gratia 29 pluri- 
mum possem domi atque in reliqua Gallia et cum ille mini- 
mum propter adulescentiam posset, per me** crevit ; qui- 
bus opibus 35 ac nervis non solum ad minuendam 71 gratiam 
meant sed paene ad perniciem meam utitur. Ego tamen 
et amore fraterno et existimatione vulgi commoveor. 
Quod 101 si quid el 13 a te acciderit, cum ego hunc locum 
amlcitiae apud te teneam, nemo existimdbit non mea volun- 
tate factum esse. Qua ex re totlus Galliae animi a me 
aver 'ten tur." 

Dumnorix is spared but placed under guard 

Pluribus verbis 34 a Caesare haec petebat. Cum haec 
flens peteret, Caesar eius dextram prendit. Consolatus 
rogat ut flnem orandi faciat. 48 TantI 2 eius apud se gra- 
tiam esse ostendit utl suum dolorem condonet. 49 Rel 
publicae iniuriam DlvitiacI precibus 13 condonat. Gratia 
DlvitiacI tantl apud Caesarem est utl iniurias Dumnorlgis 
fratris voluntatl 13 DlvitiacI condonet. Dumnorlgem ad se 
vocat, et fratrem adhibet. Caesar ostendit quae in Dum- 
norlge reprehendat. 56 Caesar proponit quae ipse intelle- 
gat, et quae clvitas queratur. Caesar el monet ut in 
reliquum tempus omnes susplciones vltet. Se praeterita 



4° THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

condonare dicit. Caesar praeterita Divitiaco fratri con- 
donat. Caesar Dumnorlgi custodes ponit, ut scire possit 
quae agat, et quibuscum loquatur. 



CHAPTER XX OF C^SAR 

20. Dlvitiacus, multis cum lacrimis Caesarem com- 
plexus, obsecrare coepit ne quid gravius in fratrem statue- 
Caesar ret ' 'Scire se ilia esse vera, nee quemquam ex 

spares Dum- eo plus quam se doloris capere, propterea 

norix but . _._,_. 

places him quod, cum ipse gratia plunmum domi atque in 
un er guar . re ^q U ^ Gallia^ ille minimum propter adulescen- 
tiam posset, per se crevisset ; quibus opibus ac nervis non 
solum ad minuendam gratiam sed paene ad perniciem 
suam uteretur. Sese tamen et amore fraterno et existi- 
matione vulgi commoverl. Quod si quid el a Caesare 
gravius accidisset, cum ipse eum locum amicitiae apud 
eum teneret, neminem existimaturum non sua voluntate 
factum ; qua ex re futurum utl totius Galliae animl a se 
averterentur.' Haec cum pluribus verbis flens a Caesare 
peteret, Caesar eius dextram prendit; consolatus rogat 
finem orandi faciat ; tanti eius apud se gratiam esse osten- 
dit utl et rel publicae iniuriam et suum dolorem eius 
voluntati ac precibus condonet. Dumnorigem ad se vocat, 
fratrem adhibet ; quae in eo reprehendat ostendit ; quae 
ipse intellegat, quae civitas queratur, proponit ; monet ut 
in reliquum tempus omnes suspiciones vltet; praeterita se 
Divitiaco fratri condonare dicit. Dumnorlgi custodes 
ponit, ut quae agat, quibuscum loquatur, scire possit. 



CONCLUSION 



41 



CONCLUSION 

The residue of Caesar's account of the Helvetian war 
may be briefly summarized. After the incident last re- 
corded, he follows the enemy for several days, but owing 
to natural obstructions he cannot gain an advantageous 
position to check the onward movement. At length lack of 
food compels him to turn aside to a city westward. The 
Helvetii mistake this movement for signs of weakening or 
fear, and in turn become the pursuers, much to Caesar's 
unexpected advantage. The change precipitates a battle 
in which he defeats them with such loss as to preclude 
further resistance. "The remnant of the once proud and 
mighty host sadly returned to its mountain home." 




Galli 



4 2 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

The following chapters, bringing the account of the 
trouble with the Helvetians to a close, were omitted in the 
earlier edition of this hand-book. They now appear, not 
merely for artistic unity, — that the student may read with- 
out interruption the chronicle of this initial campaign, — 
but because of the desire of teachers for matter, immedi- 
ately at hand, to test the class in the comprehension and 
exposition of the original language of Caesar, without the 
intermediary aid of the adapted text. Hence, the follow- 
ing text appears verbatim, and syntactical references are 
limited to the most obscure instances. 



21. Eodem die ab exploratoribus certior f actus hostes 
sub monte consedisse milia passuum ab ipslus castrls octo, 
Caesar ar- qualis esset natura montis et qualis in circuitu 
harfssthe ascensus, qui cognoscerent mlsit. Renuntia- 
Heivetians. turn es t facilem esse. De tertia vigilia T. La- 
bienum, legatum pro praetore, cum duabus legionibus et iis 
ducibus, 79 qui iter cognoverant, summum iugum montis 
ascendere iubet ; quid sui consilii 5 sit, ostendit. Ipse de 
quarta vigilia eodem itinere, quo hostes ierant, ad eos 
contendit equitatumque omnem ante se mittit. P. Con- 
sidius, qui rei 7 militaris peritissimus 82 habebatur et in 
exercitu L. Sullae et postea in M. CrassI fuerat, cum ex- 
ploratoribus praemittitur. 



22. Prima luce, cum summus mons a Labieno tenere- 
tur, ipse ab hostium castrls non longius mllle et quin- 



HARASSED BY THE HELVETIANS 43 

gentis passibus abesset, neque, ut postea ex captivis com- 
perit, aut ipsius adventus aut LabienI cognitus esset, 53 
Considius, equo 43 admisso, ad eum accurrit, „. . 

9 n ' ' His plans are 

dicit montem, quern a Labieno occupari volu- frustrated 

by the mis- 

erit, 68 ab hostibus teneii : id se a Gallicis ar- take of Con- 
mis atque Insignibus cognovisse. Caesar suas S1 1US ' 
copias in proximum collem subducit, aciem instruit. La- 
bienus, ut erat ei praeceptum a Caesare, ne proelium com- 
mitteret, nisi ipsius copiae prope hostium castra visae 94 
essent, ut undique uno tempore in hostes impetus fleret, 
monte occupato nostros exspectabat proelioque abstinebat. 
Multo denique die 41 per exploratores Caesar cognovit et 
montem a suis tenerl et Helvetios castra movisse et Con- 
sidium timore perterritum, quod non vidisset, pro viso sibi 
renuntiasse. Eo die, quo consuerat intervallo, hostes 
sequitur et milia 23 passuum tria ab eorum castris castra 
ponit. 



23. Postridie eius die!, 102 quod omnmo blduum super- 
erat cum exercitui frumentum metiri oporteret, et quod a 
Bibracte, oppido Aeduorum longe maximo et copiosissimo, 
non amplius milibus passuum xviii aberat, rei _ 

r r . The Romans 

frumentariae 14 prospiciendum 14 existimavit ; marching 
iter ab Helvetiis avertit ac Bibracte 25 ire con- Bibracte, 
tendit. Ea res per fugitivos L. Aemili, de- a "? )llowe ^ 

r o and harassed 

curionis equitum Gallorum, hostibus niintiatur. by the Hei- 

. _ -p» _ _ vetians. 

Helvetii, seu quod timore perterntos Romanos 
discedere a se existimarent, eo 81 magis, quod pridie supe- 
rioribus locis occupatls proelium non commisissent, sive 
eo, quod re frumentaria intercludi posse conflderent, 



44 



THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 



commutato consilio atque itinere 43 converso nostros a no- 
vissimo agmine InsequI ac lacessere coeperunt. 



24. Postquam 59 id animum 22 advertit, copias suas 
Caesar in proximum collem subducit equitatumque qui 
sustineret hostium impetum mlsit. Ipse interim in colle 
c«sar pre- medio triplicem aciem Instruxit legionum 1 quat- 
battie f01 The ^ uor veteranarum ; sed in summo iugo duas 

Helvetians le^iones quas in Gallia citeriore proxime con- 
advance to ° ... 
the attack, scripserat et omnia auxilia collocari, ac totum 

montem hominibus compleri, et interea sarcinas in unum 

locum conferri, et eum ab his qui in superiore acie con- 

stiterant munirl iussit. Helvetii cum omnibus suls carrls 

secutl, impedimenta in unum locum contulerunt; ipsi 

confertissima acie, 34 reiecto nostro equitatu, phalange 

facta, sub primam nostram aciem successerunt. 




Section of a Wall and Ditch 



THE BA TTLE 45 

25. Caesar prlmum suo deinde omnium ex conspectu 
remotls equls, ut aequato omnium perlculo spem fugae tol- 
leret, cohortatus suos proelium commlsit. Mi- Thebattle 
lites e loco superiore pills missis facile hostium The Heive- 

1 1 r - - -1-- i- • - 1 t tiansare 

phalangem pertregerunt. La disiecta, gladns forced to re- 
destrictls in eos impetum fecerunt. Gallis treat * 
magno ad pugnam erat impedimento quod, pluribus eorum 
scutis uno ictu pilorum transfixls et colligatis, cum 61 fer- 
rum se inflexisset, neque evellere neque sinistra impedita 
satis commode pugnare poterant, multi ut diu iactato 
bracchio praeoptarent scutum manu emittere et nudo cor- 
pore pugnare. Tandem vulneribus defessi et pedem re- 
ferre et, quod mons suberat circiter mille passuum spatio, 
eo se recipere coeperunt. Capto monte et succedentibus 
nostris, Boh et Tulingi, qui hominum mllibus circiter xv 
agmen hostium claudebant et novissimis 17 praesidio erant, 
ex itinere nostros ab latere aperto aggress! circumvenire ; 
et id conspicati Helvetii, qui in montem sese receperant, 
rursus Instare et proelium redintegrare coeperunt. Ro- 
man! conversa 83 signa bipartlto intulerunt: prima et se- 
cunda acies, ut victis ac submotis resisteret; tertia, ut 
venientes sustineret. 



26. Ita ancipiti proelio diu atque acriter pugnatum est. 
Diutius cum sustinere nostrorum impetus non possent, 
alter! se, ut coeperant, in montem receperunt, The 
alter! ad impedimenta et carros suos se con- routed and 
tulerunt. Nam hoc toto proelio, 42 cum 52 ab ward. Caesar 
hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit, aver- P ursues - 
sum hostem videre nemo potuit. Ad multam noctem etiam 



4 6 



THE BEGINNER'S CMSAR 



ad impedimenta pugnatum est, propterea quod pro vall5 
carros obiecerant et e loco superiore in nostros venientes 
tela coniciebant, 96 et nonnulll inter carros rotasque mataras 
ac tragulas subiciebant nostrosque vulnerabant. Diu cum 
esset pugnatum, impediments castrlsque 35 nostri potiti 
sunt. 96 Ibi Orgetorigis fllia atque unus e filiis captus est. 
Ex eo proelio circiter hominum milia cxxx superfuerunt, 
eaque tota nocte continenter ierunt: nullam partem 23 noctis 
itinere intermisso in fines Lingonum die quarto pervene- 
runt, cum et propter vulnera mllitum et propter sepulturam 
occisorum nostri triduum 23 morati eos sequl non potuis- 
sent. Caesar ad Lingones litteras nuntiosque misit ne 
eos frumento neve alia re iuvarent: 70 qui si iuvissent, se 
eodem loco 39 quo Helvetios habiturum. Ipse triduo inter- 
misso cum omnibus copiis eos sequl coepit. 



27. Helvetii omnium rerum inopia adducti legatos de 

deditione ad eum miserunt. Qui 89 cum eum in itinere 

convenissent seque ad pedes proiecissent sup- 

the Helve- pliciterque locutl flentes pacem petlssent, atque 

tians. Six . 

thousand eos in eo loco quo turn essent suum adventum 
escape. exspectare iussisset, paruerunt. Eo postquam 

Caesar pervenit, obsides, arma, servos qui ad eos perfugis- 
sent 50 poposcit. Dum ea conquiruntur et conferuntur, nocte 
intermissa, circiter hominum milia vi eius pagi qui Ver- 
bigenus appellatur, sive timore perterriti ne 90 armls traditis 
supplicio afficerentur, sive spe salutis induct!, quod in tanta 
multitudine deditlciorum suam fugam aut occultarl aut om- 
nino ignorari posse existimarent, prima nocte 103 e castrls 



COMPELLED TO RETURN TO HELVETIA 47 

Helvetiorum egressi ad Rhenum finesque Germanorum 
contenderunt. 



28. Quod 89 ubi 59 Caesar resciit, quorum per fines ierant, 
his uti conquirerent 48 et reducerent, si sibi purgati esse 
vellent, 93 imperavit ; reductos in hostium numero habuit ; 
reliquos omnes, obsidibus, armis, perfugis traditis, in de- 
ditionem accepit. Helvetios, Tulingos, Latobrlgos in 
fines suos, unde erant profecti, revert! iussit ; _. 

' r ' 1 These are 

et, quod omnibus f rugibus amissis domi 39 nihil retaken and 
erat quo 32 famem tolerarent, 50 Allobrogibus the rest com! 
imperavit ut els frumenti copiam facerent; tum^HeU 
ipsos oppida vicosque quos incenderant resti- vetia - 
tuere iussit. Id ea maxime ratione fecit, quod noluit eum 
locum unde Helved! discesserant vacare, ne propter boni- 
tatem agrorum German!, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, e 
suis finibus in Helvetiorum fines transirent 48 et finitimi 
Galliae provinciae Allobrogibusque essent. Boios peten- 
tibus Aeduis, quod egregia virtute erant cogniti, ut in 
finibus suis collocarent, concessit; quibus illi agros de- 
derunt, quosque postea in parem iuris libertatisque con- 
dicionem atque ipsi erant receperunt. 



29. In castris Helvetiorum tabulae repertae sunt lit- 
teris Graecis confectae et ad Caesarem relatae, quibus in 
tabulis nominatim ratio confecta erat, qui numerus domo 
exisset 56 eorum, qui arma ferre possent, 50 et item separa- 
tim pueri, senes, mulieresque. Quarum omnium rationum 



4 8 



THE BEGINNER'S CsESAR 



summa erat capitum Helvetiorum milia cclxiii, Tulingo- 
rum milia xxxvi, Latobrigorum xiiii, Raura- 

Enumera- ° 

tion of the corum xxin, Boiorum xxxn ; ex his, qui arma 
anVthefr 118 ferre possent, ad milia nonaginta duo. Summa 
allies# omnium fuerunt 104 ad milia ccclxviii. Eorum, 

qui domum redierunt, censu habito, ut Caesar impera- 
verat, repertus est Humerus milium c et x. 




Map of Helvetia 



ENGLISH-LATIN EXERCISES 

The following exercises need no special vocabulary. 
They are based on Caesar's text, and are graded to suit 
the average ability. Beginning with Chapter X, the writ- 
ten parts approach a story quite unlike Caesar, yet the 
phraseology is still drawn from the Latin text of the cor- 
responding chapter. A constant effort has been made to 
keep close to the vocabulary of the special chapter of the 
lesson ; but occasionally, both by purpose and necessity, 
words and phrases are taken from preceding chapters. 
These, however, are oft-recurring words, and may not be 
unreasonably exacted of the pupil's memory. When need- 
ful, foot-notes help to the desired word. Moreover, fre- 
quent exegetical numbers above the word refer the student, 
for further help, to the explanatory Rules of Syntax. 

The " Written Exercises " may be found too difficult for 
young classes, in which case easier portions only may be 
assigned, or entirely omitted, — the "Oral Exercises" 
being done in writing instead. For older classes, how- 
ever, and especially for college preparatory students, the 
strenuous labor of the written parts in full is necessary. 




5° THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

CHAPTER I 
A. Oral Work in Class 
i. The Garonne was a river in Gaul. 

2. It separated the Gauls from the Aquitani. 

3. The Belgae inhabited one part of Gaul. 

4. Of all the Gauls the Belgae were bravest. 

5. They were furthest distant from the civilization of the 
province. 

6. The Germans live across the Rhine. 

7. They continually wage war with the Helvetians. 

8. The Helvetians often wage war in the territory of the 
Germans who live across the river Rhine. 

9. The territory of the Gauls begins at the river Rhone. 

10. They are bounded by the Garonne river, the ocean, and 
the territory of the Belgae. 

B. Written Work 
It is said that there were three divisions of Gaul, which were 
different from one another in language and customs. Of them 
all, the Belgians were nearest to the Germans, in whose country 
they often waged war, wherefore they surpassed the rest of the 
Gauls in valor. The Aquitanians possessed another part which 
was called Aquitania, and which was near Spain. The third 
part was inhabited by the Celts, who were called Gauls in the 
tongue of the Romans, and whose territory began at the Rhone, 
and sloping northward reached the ocean. 



CHAPTER II 
A. Oral Work 

1. Orgetorix was very rich. 

2. Orgetorix was the most famous among the Helvetians. 

3. He was influenced by a greed of royal power. 



ENGLISH-LA TIN EXERCISES 5 I 

4. When Messala and Piso were consuls, he formed a plot 
of the nobles. 

5. He easily persuaded the state. 

6. The Helvetii are bounded on one side by the Rhine. 

7. The river was very wide and deep. 

8. It divided the Helvetian land from the Germans. 

9. The Jura mountain was very high. 

10. The territory of the Helvetians was bounded on a third 
side by Lake Geneva. 

1 1. They did not roam about widely. 

12. They were not able to make war upon their neighbors. 

13. The nobles persuaded the state to leave home with all 
its forces. 

14. They said it was 92 easy to become masters of the su- 
preme power of Gaul. 

B. Written Work 

Orgetorix persuaded the nobles to get possession of Gaul, 
because their territory, which extended about two hundred 
miles in length and one hundred in width, was not large. 
Since he surpassed the others in valor and greed, he formed a 
plot, when Messala and Piso were consuls, to lead a multitude 
of men out of their narrow boundaries. 



CHAPTER III 
A. Oral Work 

1. They were induced by Orgetorix. 

2. These things pertain to our departure. 

3. They prepare a large number of beasts of burden. 

4. A supply of grain was on hand. 

5. They made peace with the nearest states. 



52 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

6. Three of the most powerful (men) of the Helvetians ac- 
complished these things. 

7. They deemed two years to be enough. 

8. The father of Casticus had possessed the royal power 
many years among the Sequani. 

9. He was a friend of the Roman people. 

10. I shall seize the leadership which my father held before. 

11. I shall persuade Dumnorix to attempt 48 the same in his 
state. 

12. He gave him 11 his daughter in marriage. 

13. They say they will 67 obtain the government of all Gaul. 

14. There is no doubt but 80 what Dumnorix is 80 the brother 
of Divitiacus. 

B. Written Work 

Induced by this speech, the three strongest nations of Gaul 
give the oath to one another to a make all preparations for de- 
parture, and in the third year to a leave * their territories and 
win a for themselves the kingdoms across the Rhine. They 
determined to 74 select Orgetorix to b go c on an embassy to 
the nearest states to 48 persuade them to attempt the same 
thing. He selected Casticus, a Sequanian 79 , and likewise 
Dumnorix, an /Eduan, brother 79 of Divitiacus. They easily 
achieved their efforts because the Helvetii were very powerful. 

a. This may be considered indirect discourse or in apposition with 
oath ; in either case, rise the infinitive. See Rules 67, 79. b. Use 
the relative pronoun ; see Rules 48, 94. c. Use suscipio. Rule 93. 

* Occasionally simple words and expressions of preceding chapters will 
be used. To leave = exire de of chap. 2. See Rule 95. 



o 



Hasta 



ENGLISH-LA TIN EXERCISES 5 3 

CHAPTER IV 
A. Oral Work 

i. This matter was reported. 

2. I shall report it. 

3. He reported it to the Helvetii. 

4. Orgetorix pleads his cause. 

5. They compelled him to plead his case. 

6. He will plead his case in chains. 

7. He ought to be burned. 

8. The penalty did not follow. 

9. The day was fixed. 

10. He had a great household. 

11. He led about ten thousand men to the court. 

12. He collected all his vassals and debtors from all parts. 

13. He had a great number of these. 

14. He will lead them all to the same place in order that he 
may escape. 

15. The state was roused on account of this. 

16. Orgetorix escaped, and there was suspicion that he died. 

B. Written Work 

On the day of the trial, he led about ten thousand men to 
court, and plead his case. He had a large number of vassals 
and debtors whom he had gathered from every quarter and had 
led to the trial in order that he might escape from chains. The 
public officers had determined to burn him, if a condemned. 
Through his vassals he escaped. The state was roused on this 
account, and, while the government was collecting men to 
enforce authority, Orgetorix died. 

a. See Rule of Syntax 105. 



54 THE BEGINNER'S CsESAR 

CHAPTER V 
A. Oral Work 

i. They had attempted to do this. 

2. They do this after his death. 

3. They think they are ready. 

4. When they are ready they will leave their territories. 

5. They had about twelve walled towns. 

6. They burned about four hundred villages. 

7. They did this to take away all hope. 

8. They were better prepared to undergo all dangers. 

9. I shall take three months' provisions from home. 

10. Each one will do the same. 

11. I departed from the village after his death. 

12. The Boii lived across the Rhine. 

1 3. They were allies of the three powerful nations. 

14. There is no hope of returning home. 

B. Written Work 

The Helvetii determined to take away all hope of returning 
home. When they were ready, they ordered each one to burn 
his buildings and all his grain except what he was going to take 
from home. There were about four hundred villages and towns. 
These were all burned. Their neighbors adopted 83 the same 
plan, burned 43 their towns, and departed with them. After a the 
Boii left home and crossed the Rhine into Gaul, they were 
persuaded b by the Helvetii to depart with them as c their allies, 
to each one of whom the Helvetii gave provisions for three 
months. 

a. See Rule 53, note. b. See Rules 14, 30. c. Soczi, Rule 79. 



ENGLISH-LA TIN EXERCISES 5 5 

CHAPTER VI 

A. Oral Work 
i . I can leave home. 

2. There are two rivers in Gaul. 

3. The Rhone is narrow in some places. 

4. They will not be able to go through our province. 

5. Very few were in the other town. 

6. The roads among the mountains were difficult. 

7. They have 15 carts in some places. 

8. I shall compel you to let me go. 

9. He is not well disposed toward us. 

10. The route does not seem easy. 

11. It is much easier to cross by the bridge. 

12. On what day shall you leave town? 

13. I think I shall be 91 able to persuade him. 

14. Every thing is ready. 

B. Written Work 
They thought they would go across the river either by a 
ford, because it was said that there were fords at some places 
in the Rhone, or by a bridge which was near 77 Geneva. The 
two routes were easy because they led through territories which 
had been recently pacified and were well disposed toward them. 
They appointed a day when they were to meet to decide by 
which road they might be able more easily to go. 



CHAPTER VII 

A. Oral Work 

1. It was reported. 

2. I shall try to do it. 

3. He left the city and hastened home. 25 



5 6 THE BEGINNER'S CMSAR 

4. We have a large number of soldiers in this city. 

5. There are altogether ten thousand. 

6. I shall inform him of this matter. 

7. They sent an embassy to Caesar. 

8. I intend to do no harm. 

9. He has obtained a place near the city. 

10. Ten legions marched across the bridge. 

11. I have no other home. 

12. I remember the men. 

13. Lucius Cassius was killed. 

14. I do not think I ought to allow it. 

15. He has an opportunity of making many friends. 

16. I shall order them to cut down the bridge. 

B. Written Work 

After he ordered them to march to the city, they informed him 
that 66 the bridge had been 92 cut down by the consul's army 
which had come to Geneva by forced marches. He decided to 
hasten across the Rhone by another route, because it was said 
that there were some fords in the river by which he could easily 
cross. A very large number of Roman soldiers assembled near 
the banks to keep him back until the consul might have time 
to send another legion to the ford. 



CHAPTER VIII 
A. Oral Work 

1. I returned from the lake by night. 

2. He will give up the attempt. 95 

3. They will not attempt it against my will. 

4. I sometimes go to the mountains. 



ENGLISH-LA TIN EXERCISES 5 7 

5. When he finished the work, 43 he returned. 

6. The wall was ten feet high. 

7. I cannot appoint a day for any one. 

8. The men who had assembled were driven back. 

9. There are rafts on the river. 

10. By these fortifications he may be able to keep them back. 

B. Written Work 

When he returned from the fortifications, which had been 
constructed from the lake to the river, he assured a his men that 
he would repulse the Roman guards if they should try to keep 
him back. However, after a time, b he lost all hope of march- 
ing through the province against Caesar's will, and sending an 
embassy to the Roman army he asked that he be permitted to 
do it by Caesar's consent. 

When the latter refused, the Helvetians made many rafts, 
working d often by night, and tried to break through. They 
were driven back across the river by the charge of the Roman 
soldiers. 

a. SuTs ostendit (omit " men "). b. Use spatium. c. Use is, 
d. Omit working. 



CHAPTER IX 
A. Oral Work 

1. I can't undertake the matter. 

2. He has a friend who is very powerful. 

3. The people desire a revolution. 

4. He will not go if his friends are unwilling. 

5. I am bound by many favors. 

6. He married my daughter. 



58 THE BEGINNER'S CMSAR 

7. He was very powerful in the states. 

8. You are our mediator. 

9. They will allow us to go. 

10. He is our friend. 

11. I am willing to send one friend as hostage. 79 

12. I can not allow it of my own will. 

13. He wanted to have as many friends as possible among 
the Gauls. 

14. His daughter kept him from the journey. 

B. Written Work 

I could not voluntarily allow him to marry my daughter, be- 
cause I knew a that he 26 was not a friend of Cassius, to whom I 
was bound by many favors. Nevertheless, I did not wish to do d 
him wrong, because he was a man b of great good will among 
his people, and had hosts c of friends in many parts of the state. 
One way was left for me. And so I sent Dumnorix to them as 
mediator, and he, after a few days, arranged matters with no 
offence. 

a. Use cogndscd. b. Omit man. c. Use multitudo. d. Use in- 
iurids inferre, and see Rule 13, 



CHAPTER X 
A. Oral Work 

1. I shall report it to Labienus. 

2. I intend to go with them. 

3. The place is not far from the city. 

4. There is great danger in the mountains. 

5. Warlike people live there. 

6. It is an unfriendly land. 



ENGLISH-LA TIN EXER CISES 5 9 

7. I know that the Alps are mountains. 

8. On account of these things he has enemies. 

9. The land beyond the Alps is open. 

10. They put Lieutenant Labienus in command of the legions. 

1 1. On the seventh day I shall hurry across the river. 

12. He was beaten in two battles. 

13. They arrived in the city recently. 

14. This is the last day. 

15. I shall reach the banks of the river within three days, and 
thence go across into a hostile land. 

16. The Germans were a people beyond the Rhine. 

17. He led his army by the nearest route to the province. 

B. Written Work 

The first day after my journey into Italy, I intended to go to 
the fortifications which were not far distant, because I had 
friends there, passing the winter. I myself knew it would be 
dangerous to go without an escort a , for in many places were 
warlike men who had sometimes beaten us in battle. And 
yet b , I determined to go with a very few soldiers, and 
although 62 Lieut. Servus tried to keep me from the difficult 
undertaking, I led five soldiers with me out of camp by night, 
hastened across a country held d by enemies of Rome, and with- 
in two days reached the place where my friends were. 

a. Use praesidium. b. Use tamen of chapter 4. c. Use constituo 
of chapter 5. d. Use occupo. 



CHAPTER XI 
A. Oral Work 

1. I ought to go to Caesar. 

2. There were villages across the river. 

3. He has two children left. 



60 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

4. They reached the territories of the Allobroges on the sev- 
enth day. 

5. The enemy was ravaging the lands of the yEdui. 

6. And so they sent an embassy to Caesar to ask aid. 

7. They will lead an army through the narrow passes of the 
mountains. 

8. They could not defend themselves. 

9. I have at all times deserved the aid of my friends. 

10. He has possessions beyond the Rhone. 

1 1 . They fled to Caesar. 

12. They showed that they were 92 friends. 

13. I have nothing left. 

14. He was induced by this to go. 

15. He decided that he ought to wait. 

16. The fortunes of the allies were exhausted. 

17. He can't check the violence of the people. 

18. The enemy led their forces away into the defiles. 

19. I shall inform Caesar. 

20. The enemy is ravaging the land all the while. 



B. Written Work 

I was almost in sight of the place, when my friends hastened 
to tell me that two children were being carried away by the 
enemy, and were by this time among the nearest defiles of the 
Alps. These children were relatives by blood of my friend Lu- 
cius, who was with my brother in Spain ; and so I determined 
that I ought not to wait until I could inform him. And yet I 
knew it would be very dangerous a to go into the mountains 
without a large escort, for the enemy, it was said, d were not 
few b . And so I sent a messenger to the fortifications, which 
were not far distant d , to ask aid. 71 ' f - 

a. Chap. 10. b. Use pcrpaucT. c. Use nuntius, -T. d. Chap. I. 



ENGLISH-LA TIN EXERCISES 6 1 

CHAPTER XII 
A. Oral Work 
i. The river Saone flows into the Rhone. 

2. It flows with marvelous smoothness. 

3. In what direction does it flow? 

4. The Helvetians made many skiffs. 

5. They will cross over with rafts. 

6. He led three parts of the army across the river. 

7. Scouts informed him that a fourth part was this side the 
Saone. 

8. He set out from camp about the third watch. 

9. He reached the river. 

10. They had not yet crossed over. 

1 1 . A large part was killed. 

12. Let 44 us hide in the woods. 

13. He is called Caesar. 

14. I left home the next day. 

15. Brutus killed Caesar. 

16. My father will avenge all wrongs. 

17. They were killed in the same battle. 

B. Written Work 

When Lucius left home, he sent his two children to his father- 
in-law who lived d near Aquileia. By chance, the latter a de- 
parted the next day to private possessions in the open e country 
beyond f the walls of the town. The grandfather set out with 
the children, unsuspicious of danger ; for it could not be sup- 
posed that there were enemies in a place so near the Roman 
camp. 19 They had almost reached the banks of the river, which 
was this side of his possessions, when some bandits, b who were 
hiding, came out of the woods, killed him, and carried the chil- 
dren away c to the mountains. 

a. Use is. b. Use latro, latronis, m. c. Use abduco of chap. n. 
d. Use incolo. e. Chap. 10. f. extra, with ace. 



62 THE BEGINNER'S C/ESAR 



CHAPTER XIII 
A. Oral Work 

i . The battle was fought in one day. 

2. There is a bridge over the Sa6ne. 

3. He followed the rest of the forces. 

4. I shall lead an army into those places. 

5. I did it with the greatest difficulty. 

6. Divico was a leader in the Cassian war. 

7. He cannot bring aid. 

8. I remember the former valor of the Belgians. 

9. He did it in one day. 

10. He went into that region where the enemy was. 

11. I wanted to go on this account. 

12. They suddenly crossed the river. 

13. I do not attribute our misfortune to his arrival. 

14. They fight craftily. 

15. I learned this from my father. 

16. Let him not despise us. 

17. They said they would go. 

18. They rely upon ambuscades. 



B. Written Work 

Their father, as I have said, was in Spain at this time, and 
so I hastened to bear aid to his children. I knew we must 
fight craftily with these bandits, for the people of those dis- 
tricts in the mountains rely upon ambuscades rather than valor. 
They might 46 suddenly attack us, entangled a in the defiles of 
their region. Wherefore, my escort being small, b I did not 
despise the danger. On the arrival of the soldiers from the 
neighboring camp, we set out. We crossed the river Saone 
with the greatest difficulty, for there was no bridge there, and 



ENGLISH-LA TIN EXERCISES 6 3 

hastened in that direction where my friends said the bandits 
had gone. 

a. Use impeditus, and see Rule 105. b. Use parvus. 



CHAPTER XIV 
A. Oral Work 

1. I remember what they said. 

2. He mentioned it to me. 

3. I am not conscious of any wrong. 

4. Let us be on our guard. 

5. He did not know what he had done. 

6. They were deceived by the enemy. 

7. I do not think 1 16 ought to be afraid. 

8. They were frightened without reason. 

9. I cannot forget the insult. 

10. They wanted to do it against his will. 

11. He boasts arrogantly of his victory. 

12. They were accustomed to allow this. 

13. It will not be difficult to give hostages. 

14. He will do what he has promised. 

15. I know Caesar will make peace with them. 

16. He apologized to the Helvetians. 

17. They are not accustomed to give hostages. 

18. He was a witness of this affair. 

19. They did wrong to their comrades. 

20. He gave this reply and departed. 

21. I shall not grant them freedom from punishment without 
reason. 

22. What did the Roman people promise? 

23. If 63 I wanted to forget the wrong, could I ? 



64 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

24. I grieved over it for a time. 

25. Let them be on their guard. 

B. Written Work 

I shall long remember that march to the mountains, across 
deep rivers, where there were no fords, through woods, where 
the enemy might be hiding, into the most difficult denies, 
amidst great dangers, until a we reached a suddenly the camp of 
the bandits. They were excited by our arrival, and were not 
able to defend themselves. Some b were absent from camp, 
others b took to flight into the adjoining woods. They had in- 
flicted wrongs upon the people so long without punishment 
that they thought they need 85 no longer fear. But they were 
deceived this time, and were off their guard. 

As leader of our band, I spoke to them as follows : 

"You were going d to carry these children away into bondage,^ 
aware of the wrong you were doing to a friend of Gaul. I 
know he will grieve all the more because he does not deserve 
this injury. I fain would e punish you for this crime, but I 
will grant you impunity if you give us his children without harm. 

" We have come without fear f into these deep defiles, far 
from home and few in number, as you see. We are not afraid. 
We are Romans. But let us not boast of courage. You are 
witnesses of this that the immortal gods have granted to us 
the victory." 

a. See chap. 7. b. Use alii . . . alii. c. See chap. 12. d. Use 
First Periphrastic imperfect of abdiicere. e. Use proper mode and 
tense of void. f. Use tim or. g. See chap. 11. 




Iugum, 



ENGLISH-LA TIN EXERCISES 6 5 

CHAPTER XV 
A. Oral Work 

i. Caesar had collected cavalry, about 77 four thousand in 
number. 

2. He sent a few allies ahead into the province. 

3. The enemy pursued him into an unfavorable locality, and 
engaged him in battle. 

4. A few of the soldiers fell. 

5. They followed our rear for fifteen days. 

6. Let us send horsemen to see in what direction they are 
marching. 

7. Elated with the victory, the enemy began to stand at 
times more boldly. 

8. They assailed our men in the rear. 

9. Caesar was satisfied for the present. 

10. Woods were between the enemy's rear and our van. 

11. We had not marched more than fifteen miles. 

12. Caesar kept the enemy from plundering. 

13. They pursued us too eagerly. 

14. The next day he moved his camp from the unfavorable 
spot. 

15. More than five hundred fell in this battle. 

B. Written Work 

I wanted to punish the bandits, as I have said, but I con- 
sidered it enough for the present to depart with the children 
and my few comrades without harm from that unfavorable 
locality. And yet, being elated by our sudden victory, I kept 
my men from battle with the enemy with the greatest difficulty. 
I saw suddenly that the bandits were beginning to collect their 
forces and move camp. After we had departed, we halted in a 
spot in dense woods, where we were hidden, and a scout was 



66 THE BEGINNER'S CsESAR 

sent to see in what direction they were marching. He reported a 
that they were not following our rear, but were going, about 
fifteen in number, further b into the mountains. Thus we had 
been frightened without reason, but we kept on our guard until 
we reached the open country c . 

a. Use reniintio of chap. 10. b. Use comparative of longe. c. See 
chap. 10. 



CHAPTER XVI 
A. Oral Work 
i. On account of the cold the grain was not ripe. 

2. They demanded a supply of fodder. 

3. The river flows toward the north. 

4. They promised a large army. 

5. We have enough grain. 

6. They were not able to use the boats, because they had 
turned the march aside from the Saone. 

7. I do not want to leave you. 95 

8. The ^Eduans said that corn was being collected. 

9. He was delayed longer. 

10. The day was pressing on when we must undertake war. 

1 1. There was a large number of boats on the Saone. 

12. The chief magistrate among the ^Edui was called ver- 
gobretus. 

13. He was frightened because he knew the enemy was so near. 

14. Divitiacus was induced 83 by the prayers of his people, 
and brought up a quantity of grain in boats on the Saone. 

15. He complained because he was deserted. 

B. Written Work 
I lingered day after day in camp with my comrades a , and 
especially with the two little friends who, after the death of the 



ENGLISH-LATIN EXERCISES 67 

grandfather, were afraid b , and unwilling for me to depart. 
And yet my affairs at home 39 kept 86 demanding me. 

Meanwhile the day was pressing on when cl I must set out 
to go to my home. Although the journey was so difficult, yet 
I decided to take the children with me, for they had neither 
relatives nor friends in this region e . Moreover, the soldiers 
were going 84 to move camp the next day f , and march 84 far 
towards the north. They promised us an escort, because it 
was said a large number of bandits was being collected from 
the mountains and was near by. Yet our guard was enough 
and we were not afraid. 

In the meantime, the chief magistrate of the district^, who 
has power of life and death over his people, reached 11 the 
camp suddenly, and calling the soldiers together, blamed them 
severely because 54 they were not assisting him at 43 so critical 
a time 43 and the bandits 43 so near. 

a. comes, comitis, m. f., used by Caesar in Book VI. b. For the 
verb, see chapter 14. c. Use no/o, and see Rule 76, b. d. Literally, 
" on which day." e. Translate " (in) his lecis" and see Rule 39, 
note. f. See chapter 15, first sentence, g. Pdgus, -i, m. h. Use 
pervenio of chapter 12, and see Rule 25. 



CHAPTER XVII 
A. Oral Work 

1. There are some who are very powerful. 

2. Dumnorix was wicked. 

3. I can a prevent them from gathering grain. 

4. He wants to gain the leadership, and wrest liberty from 87 
the people. 

5. He ought not to report our plans to the enemy. 

6. I do not doubt but what he knows this. 



68 THE BEGINNER'S CMSAR 

7. It is better to gain liberty than endure the sway of the 
Romans. 

8. What are the magistrates doing in camp ? 

9. I reported the exigency to Caesar. 

10. You do not know with how much danger I reported the 
exigency to him. 

11. I cannot control them. 

12. He kept silent as long as he could. 

a. If this were " I cannot prevent,'* etc., how would the dependent 
clause be introduced ? See Rule 80. 

B. Written Work 

When the soldiers had been called together, among them 
being Arius, who was in charge of the few troops, the magis- 
trate spoke thus : 

" You do not know with what danger I have come into your 
camp. You see beyond a the river a few bandits, as you say, 
and you think we ourselves b ought to be able to deter them 
from overrunning our towns and fields without your help. 
If d we had been able to do this, my people would not have 
sent me with 34 their prayers to you. At last I can tell you 
what before the enemy have forced us to keep secret. I am 
Lilius, chief magistrate of all this region around you, and I 
have power of life and death over my people, but there are 
some who as private citizens are more powerful than I myself. 
They are collecting these bandits from the mountains and the 
whole country to gain preeminence and wrest liberty from my 
people. Wherefore I have come to you to report 71 this exi- 
gency and seek n help." 

a. ultra, prep, with the ace. b. nos ipsos. c. Use vexo of chapter 
14. d. Rule 65. 



ENGLISH-LA TIN EXERCISES 69 

CHAPTER XVIII 
A, Oral Work 

1. I feel that he means Dumnorix. 

2. I am unwilling to speak while too 88 many are present. 

3. He is in great favor with the common people. 

4. Let us 44 ask about these things of him secretly. 

5. I found out by inquiry that he was desirous of a revolution. 

6. What did he say in the meeting? 

7. He is a man of the greatest boldness. 

8. I was among the Bituriges very many years. 

9. He has bought up the taxes for very many years. 

10. No one will dare to speak boldly in the meeting. 

11. He has considerable private property. 

12. I found out that he has a wife at home. 

13. He gave his mother in marriage to a man there. 

14. He has a sister on his mother's side. 

15. They hate the Romans because 54 by their arrival their 
power has been lessened. 

16. Caesar was unwilling for him to be restored to his former 
place of honor. 

17. He has the greatest hope of power and favor among his 
people. 

18. Under the rule of the Romans he despairs of royal 
power. 

19. The cavalry skirmish, which was fought a few days be- 
fore, was unsuccessful. 

20. Dumnorix, who was in command of the reinforcement, 
started the rout. 

B. Written Work 
(A special exercise hi changing indirect to direct discourse.) 
Arius was in charge of the meeting. He had been in those 

parts very many years, and had a large number of friends there. 

Wherefore he was fond of the people, and desired to favor 



7° THE BEGINNER'S CsESAR 

them on account of this relationship. Thus, Arius was unwill- 
ing to dismiss the meeting so quickly. He kept the magistrate, 
and inquired of him further concerning these matters. 

The latter then spoke more freely : 

" Among those who are so powerful is Dumnorix, a man of 
the utmost daring, and in great favor with my people because 
of his generosity. He is eager for a change of government. 
For many years he has bought up all the imposts of our dis- 
trict at a small price. When he bids no one dares bid against 
him. By this he has increased his estates. He always has 
around him a number of horsemen whom he supports at his 
own expense. He has abundant influence even among adjoin- 
ing nations. For the sake of this power, he has given his 
mother and half-sister and other relatives in marriage to men 
in many places. He hates the Romans because they have put 
his brother into a position of honor. Under their rule, he 
despairs not only of royal power, but even of that favor 
which he now has among us. By means of his relatives and 
friends in town and other places, and these bandits of the moun- 
tains, he has conceived the highest hope of getting possession 
of the government." 

Lilius, the magistrate, was silent. 

Arius promised help. I left the meeting, with the children. 
I was in despair. I felt that this was the beginning of a great 
war. Home was very far away. 



CHAPTER XIX 
A. Oral Work 

1. Now, 89 these things were found out. 

2. He will lead the hostages through his brother's territory. 

3. He had hostages given among the nations. 

4. They did this without orders. 

5. I think this is sufficient cause. 



ENGLISH-LA TIN EXER CISES 7 l 

6. When Caesar found this out, he ordered the state to pun- 
ish Dumnorix. 

7. Divitiacus had the utmost devotion for the Roman people. 

8. He is a man of 36 uncommon prudence. 

9. I fear 90 that I may offend his feelings. 

10. Before he added certain things to these suspicions, he 
ordered a -meeting to be called. 

11. His friend was leader of the province. 

12. Caesar had the utmost confidence in him. 

13. What was said by him in your presence? 

14. State to me what each one said separately. 

B. Written Work 

When I found out that Arius was going to 84 have aid sent 
to Lilius, I feared that he 'might think it to be sufficient cause 
why he should not give me the escort which he had promised 
a few days a before. So I determined to speak with him con- 
cerning it. 

When I asked that I might speak with him privately, he 
ordered me to come to him. Before I was able to say anything, 
he opposed me, and said : 

" You are my intimate friend, Caelius. For many years you 
have shown eminent loyalty and good will to me. Show it to 
me at this time, in this present danger. You know what the 
chief magistrate of the Venetici has said in your presence. 
Have b you no suspicions of the truth ? I beg that I may speak 
freely, without offence to the feelings of a friend. These chil- 
dren are not of Lucius in Spain, but of his brother, the leader 
of the revolution against the government of Lilius and the Ro- 
man people. He loves c his children as a father. We shall be 
able to punish d him by retaining 6 them as hostages." 

a. See preceding chapter, b. Introduce the sentence with nonne. 
c. Use amo. d. Use idciscor of chapter 14. e. Use gerund of reti- 
neo of chapter 18. 



7 2 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

CHAPTER XX 

A. Oral Work 
i. I know it is true. 

2. He said he knew it was true. 

3. You are very powerful at home. 

4. When you were very powerful on account of your gene- 
rosity, I had little influence because of my youth. 

5. He used his powers of mind and body a to diminish my 
influence. 

6. They are taking rather 88 harsh measures against my 
father. 

7. In tears 34 he embraced Caesar. 

8. We are all influenced by the opinion of people. 

9. I have a brotherly love for 18 you. 

10. No one will think it was done by my desire. 

11. He is b on friendly terms with Caesar. 

12. Stop c speaking. 

13. I warn you to 48 avoid this in the future. 

14. They will pardon him because 13 of his brother's prayers. 

15. I shall be able to know what you do 56 . 

a. Use opibus &c nervis. b. Use teneo. c. Be careful of the ir- 
regular imperative of facto. 

B. Written Work 

When Arius ceassd to speak, I called the children to me to 48 
know the truth. My love for a them had increased day by 
day b , and I was c pained because they had said nothing d to 
me concerning the matter. 

After 53 Arius had admitted them, he declared what 66 the 
chief magistrate censured 93 in their father, and what the state 
complained of. They began to embrace me and beg that I 
forgive them because 54 they had so long kept 86 silent about 



ENGLISH-LA TIN EXERCISES 



73 



their father. They said their mother was dead e , that their 
father had another wife f , and she was bad s to them. In tears 
they begged of me not to turn from them. I consoled 83 them 
and asked them to cease weeping. 

I then h grasped Arius' hand, and spoke: 

" What you have said I know is true, yet I am stirred by 
love of these little ones. I beseech you to spare i them out 
of 29 favor toward 18 me." 

Arius, my intimate friend, embraced me. 

"Thus-" shall J it be, Caelius," he said. "We shall be able 
to punish the father by other plans. Carry the children with 
you to your home beyond the mountains. Brotherly love goes 
with you." 

a. Use in + ace, as in chapter 19. b. in dies. c. Use eapio, 
as in this chapter, d. nee quidquam, or nihil, e. See chapter 4, 
end. f. See chapter 18, middle, g. Use malus, -a, -um. h. turn, 
u Use conservo, -dre^ -dvi> -dtum. j. sic esto. 




RULES OF SYNTAX 



Note. — References by numbers throughout the body of the texts, 
both Latin and English, are made to these rules. The pupil should 
state the rule in full in answering all questions of syntax of the day's 
lesson. 

Occasionally, special days should be given to careful recitation of 
these rules, the pupils always learning the Latin examples appended, 
and hunting up others of like character in the text. 

A mastery of these rules now will prove sufficient for the entire 
course in Caesar. 

The consideration of syntax directs the mind to the Syntax 

manner or habit of expression of thought, wherein it vs. 

has a culture value unlike that of the study of con- Construction 
struction, which looks to the statement of relation of 
words in a sentence. For illustration : 

ex Gallia profectus est. 

What is the construction of Gallia? Ans. : It is the ablative 
case, being introduced by the preposition ex. 

What is the syntax of Gallia? Ans. : The idea of "place from 
which " is expressed by the ablative, in accordance with Rule 40. 



I. OF CASES 

The Genitive 

A. With nouns : — 

1. Origin, Possession, and Material are expressed by the 
genitive. 

Catonis filius est, he is Caters son, 
or, libra Caesaris legimus, we are reading the books of Ccesar. 

^ 7S 



7 6 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

castra Ariovisti non aberant, the camp of Ariovistus was 

not far off. 
copia frumenti suppetebat, a supply of grain was on hand. 
or, talentum auri habet, he has a talent of gold. 

2. Quality and Measure of space and quantity are expressed 
by the genitive, with an accompanying adjective. 

[The adjectives used chiefly are mdgnus, summus, tantus, and nu- 
merals ; eius may take the place of an adj ective.] 

vir summae virtutis est, he is a man of the greatest courage. 
eius modi consultum est, there is a decree of this sort. 
murum sedecim pedum perducit, he constructs a wall 

sixteen feet (high). 
trium mensium frumentum extulerunt, they took away 

three months' supply of coj-n. 

3. Subjective Genitive denotes the person who makes or 
produces something, or who has a feeling. 

[The test of this construction is its possible expansion into a sen- 
tence of which the genitive is the subject ; if it is rather the object, it 
falls under Rule 4 ; e.g., test amor patris, odium C&saris, timores 
liberorum. Sometimes this construction is explained also by other 
rules.] 

Catalinae verba audivit, he heard Catiline's words. 

4. Objective Genitive denotes the object of an action or feel- 
ing. 

domum reditionis spes sublata est, hope of returning 

home was removed. 
Cicero laudator temporis act! erat, Cicero was a praiser 

of the past. 

5. Partitive Genitive denotes that of which a part is taken. 

[Note : Cardinals and quidam regularly take the ablative, with 
e (ex) ; e.g., iinus ex militibus, quidam ex legatis.'] 



RULES OF SYNTAX 77 

magnum militum numemm imperat, he levies a large 

number of soldiers. 
satis causae est, it is sufficient reason. 
eius rei populum Romanum esse testem dicit, he says 

the Roin an people are witness of this thing. 

6. Appositional Genitive. A genitive is sometimes used like 
a noun in apposition. [See Rule 79.] 

nomen amici populi Roman! longe aberit, the name of 
friend of the Roman people will not avail. 

B. With adjectives : — 

7. Genitive of Reference, or Specification. Some adjectives 
require a genitive to specify or limit their application. 

[Such adjectives are those meaning desire, knowledge, memory, 
fullness, power, sharing, guilt, and their ofiftosites.~\ 
peritus belli est, he is skilled in war. 
avidus laudis est, he is greedy of praise. 

C. With verbs : — 

8. Remembering, Forgetting, Reminding take the object 
in the genitive when they signify a continued state of mind; 
the accusative when used of a single act. 

[The verbs used mostly are memini, reminiscor, and oblivis- 
cor. Test the following as to case : " The old man remembers the 
past"; "I recall the fact"; "He remembers the living"; "He forgot 
the matter."] 

Sullam memini, / recall Sulla. 

vivorum memini, / remember the living. 

9. Accusing, Convicting, Acquitting take the genitive of the 
charge and the ablative of the penalty. 

[The verbs used mostly are accviso, arguo ; damno, coarguo ; 
absolvo. Test : " He accuses me of theft " (theft = furtum, -1) ; 



7 8 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

" He was condemned for embezzlement " (embezzlement = pecula- 
tus, -us)]. 

impietatis absolutus est, he was acquitted of blasphemy . 

10. Verbs of Feeling or Emotion take the genitive of the 
object which causes the feeling — often with the accusative of 
the person affected. 

[This includes misereor and miseresco ; and the impersonals, 
pudet, paenitet, miseret, taedet, piget.] 
miserescite hominis, pity the being. 
pudet me tui, I am ashamed of you. 



The Dative 

A. General use : — 

11. Indirect Object. The commonest use is that of the in- 
direct object of both transitive and intransitive verbs to denote 
the person to whom something is given, said, or done. 

Dumnorigl filiam suam dedit, he gave his daughter to 

Dumnorix. 
Caesari respondit, he replied to Casar. 

B. Special uses : — 

12. Intransitive Verbs, meaning to favor, help, please, trust, 
and their opposites ; also, to believe, persuade, command, obey, 
serve, resist, envy, threaten, pardon, and spare, take an indirect 
object in the dative. 

eis persuasit, he persuaded the?n . 

huic legion! confidebat, he trusted this legion. 

13. Compound Verbs. Most verbs compounded with ad, 
ante, con (= cum), in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, super take 
the dative of the indirect object. 

Note : If the verb is transitive, it may thus govern a double ob- 



RULES OF SYNTAX 79 

ject, one accusative (direct), the other dative ; e. g., Labienum exer- 
citui praefecit, he put Labie?ius in command of the army. 

huic legion! praefuit, he was in command of this legion. 

14. In the Passive. Verbs which govern the dative are 
used imperso/ially when put in the passive voice, the dative 
remaining unchanged. 

Caesari respondetur, Ccssar is answered. 
his persuadetur, they are persuaded. 

15. Possession. The dative is used with esse and similar 
meanings to emphasize the fact of possession. 

[Note: Compare Rule I, which emphasizes the possessor. Avoid 
habed, unless expression of the idea of retention is desired.] 

mihi est canis, / have a dog. 

16. The Agent. The dative is used with the gerundive to 
denote the one who, under moral obligation or necessity, must 
fulfill the action expressed by the verb. 

[Note : This combination of gerundive and tenses of esse forms 
the conjugation described in Rule 85.] 
mihi agendum est, / must do it. 

17. Service is expressed by the dative, usually with another 
dative of the person concerned. 

magno usui no s tils fuit, it was of great service to our men. 

18 Reference. The dative of reference denotes the one 
who has some concern or interest in the matter. 

[Note : This dative has little or no special grammatical depend- 
ence, but rather modifies the whole thought.] 

quid mihi Caesar agit ? / ant interested in this matter. 
What is Ccesar doing f 

19. With Adjectives. Adjectives of likeness, fitness, near- 



80 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

ness, service, and their opposites, often take the dative to specify 
their application. 

sunt proximi Germanis, they a?'e nearest to the Germans. 
Addendum : Separation (see Rule 87). 

The Accusative 

20. Double Object — Same Person. Many verbs of making 
choosing, calling, showing, and the like, take two accusatives of 
the same person or thing — one a direct object, the other a 
predicate accusative, like an appositive. 

Pisonum consulem creaverunt, they chose Piso consul. 

21. Double Object — Person and Thing. Asking, demand- 
ing, teaching, concealing, admit two accusatives — one of the 
person, the other of the thing. 

[Note : The verbs used mostly are rogo, postuld, doceo, celo. 
Here belong also tnoneo, cogo, accuso, arguo, which are restricted to 
a pronoun or adjective object of the thing.] 

te sententiam rogo, I ask you your opinion. 

haec Caesarem celavit, he concealed this from Ccesar. 

22. Double Object — with compound verbs. Verbs in com- 
position with prepositions, usually trans, sometimes ad, and 
others, may take two accusative objects — one dependent upon 
the verb, the other upon the preposition. 

[Note : The preposition is often repeated.] 

legiones pontem traduxit, he led the legions across the 
bridge. 

23. Time and Space. The accusative is used to express 
duration of time, and extent of space. 

multos annos in Italia fuit, he was in Italy many years. 
flumen passxis sescentos abest, the river is six hundred 
paces distant. 



X ULES OF S YNTA X 8 1 

24. Exclamation is written in the accusative. 

6 fortunatam rempublicam ! O fortunate republic ! 

25. Limit of Motion is expressed by the accusative, usually 
with the prepositions ad or in. 

[Note : The preposition is omitted with names of towns, small 
islands, domum, and rus.] 

in provinciam pervenit, he reached the province. 

Romam venit, he ca?ne to Rome. 
but, ad oppidum Genavam venit. 

26. Subject of the Infinitive is in the accusative. 
[Note : See Rule 72.] 

The Ablative 

[Note : There were originally in Latin at least seven cases. Two 
of these, called conveniently the locative and the instrumental, were 
afterward dissolved, their vises being assigned to other cases, espe- 
cially to the ablative. Thus we may easily classify the following 
kinds of ablative as " Original Ablative " or the from case, the " In- 
strumental Ablative " or the with case, and the " Locative Ablative " 
or the where case.] 

A . Original ablative uses : — 

27. Separation or privation is expressed by the ablative, 
usually without the preposition. (See Rule 8j.) 

hoc conatu destiterunt, they desisted from this atte?npt. 
armis hostes despoliat, he deprives the enemy of arms. 

28. Source. The verbs meaning birth or origin are followed 
by the ablative. 

[Note : These are usually the participles, natus and ortus.~\ 

Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur, the Belgae 

begin at the extreme territories of Gaul. 
nobili genere natus est, he was born of a noble race. 



82 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

29. Cause is expressed by the ablative, usually without a 
preposition. 

victoria sua. gloriantur, they boast of their victory. 

30. Personal Agent. The ablative with a or ab is used with 
a verb in the passive voice to express a personal agent. 

[Note : When the person is regarded as instrument or means of 
the action, it is written with per and the accusative.] 

Galli a Romanis superati sunt, the Gauls were conquered 

by the Romans. 
per indicium eniintiatum est, it was reported through an 

infonner. 

31. With Comparatives. The ablative is used after adjec- 
tives in the comparative degree, with the sense of than. 

[Note : This is a substitute for quam, when the adjective is either 
nominative or accusative.] 

rex est potentior consule, a king is 7nore powerful than 
a consul. 

B. Instrumental Ablative uses : — 

32. Instrument or Means is expressed by the ablative, with- 
out a preposition. 

Garumna ilumine continetur, it is bounded by the Garonne 
river. 

33. Accompaniment is expressed by the ablative with cu?n. 

[Note: In military phrases the preposition may be omitted if 
the ablative has a modifying adjective.] 

cum Ms legionibus ire contendit, he hastened to go with 

these legions. 
omnibus copiis profectus est, he departed with all his 
troops. 

34. Manner is expressed by the ablative with cum or sine. 



RULES OF SYNTAX 83 

[Note : The preposition may be omitted if the ablative has a 
modifying adjective. Also, distinct words of manner, like modo, 
ratione,fuga, etc., do not need the preposition.] 

cum celeritate profectus est, he set out swiftly. 

35. Special Verbs. Utor, fl-uor, fungor, potior, vescor, and 
their compounds, take an indirect object in the ablative. 

[Note: Potior may take the genitive instead; e.g., sese Galliae 
potiri spirant (chapter 3, last line)] . 

eodem consilio usi sunt, they adopted the same plan. 

36. Quality is expressed by the ablative, if modified by an 
adjective. 

[Note: See Rule 2.] 

summa audacia erat, he was a man of the utmost daring. 

37. Price is written in the ablative. 

aedificium parvo pretio redemit, he bought the building 
at a small price. 

38. Specification. The ablative expresses that in respect to 
which or in accordance with which something is or is done. 

virtute praecedunt, they surpass i?i courage. 

C. Locative Ablative uses : — 

39. Place where is expressed by the ablative, usually with 
in. 

[Note ; The preposition is sometimes omitted with loco, castris, 
parte ; all w T ords modified by totus ; most names of towns. Here be- 
longs also a remnant of the old locative case, as in the following : 
Romae, at Rome ; Rhodi, at Rhodes ; all towns in the singular of the 
first and second declensions ; domT, at home ; militiae, abroad.] 

in Gallia est, he is in Gaul. 

nonnulils locis vada sunt, there are fords in some places. 



84 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

40. Place from which is expressed by the ablative, usually 
with a or ab, e or ex. 

[Note: In this is the familiar exception of names of towns, etc., 
as before stated, without the preposition.] 

ex finibus exeunt, they go out from their territories. 
Roma venit, he came from Rome, 

41. Time when is expressed by the ablative, without a prep- 
osition. 

[Note : Closely allied to this are expressions which are both 
time and place. These take the preposition in; e.g., in pace .] 

ea die conveniunt, they assemble on that day. 

42. Time within which is expressed by the ablative, with 
or without a preposition. 

in tertio anno exibunt, they will go out within three years. 

43. Ablative Absolute. Independent constructions, consist- 
ing commonly of a noun or pronoun and a modifying adjective 
or participle, often take the place of subordinate clauses of 
time, cause, condition, and concession. 

[Note : In accordance with the aforesaid meanings, the student 
should avoid its literal translation, and render by the appropriate 
English clause.] 

Let the student select from the abundance of such constructions in 
the text examples of the four principal ideas of the ablative absolute. 

Addendum : Degree of Difference (see Rule 8i). 

II. SYNTAX OF MODES 

In Independent Sentences 

[Note : The mode in independent sentences is regularly indica- 
tive. The following exceptions are important : 

44. Hortatory Subjunctive. The subjunctive is used in the 
present tense to express exhortation {urging) or command. 



RULES OF SYNTAX 85 

hos latrones interficiamus, let us kill these bandits. 
haec dicat, let him say this. 

45. Potential Subjunctive expresses possibility, 
die at aliquis, some one may say. 

46. Optative Subjunctive expresses a wish, usually preceded 
by uti or utinam . 

f alsum utinam sit, / hope it is false. 

47. Dubitative Subjunctive expresses doubt or deliberation, 
and indignation. 

[Note : This is interrogative in form, but rhetorically declarative.] 
quid dicerem, what was I to say ? 



Subjunctive in Dependent Clauses 

[Note: For " Sequence of Tenses " see Rule 93.] 

48. Purpose is written in the subjunctive, usually after ut or 
ne, and the relative pronoun. 

[Note: The student is sometimes inclined to confuse this with 
the idea of result ; e.g., in chapter 6, book I, from vel to paterentur. 
In the explanation of the syntax of this particular passage even 
eminent commentators disagree. One authority calls it result, 
another, purpose. The test usually applicable is this : " Is the action 
of the main verb directed toward the future ? " If so, the idea is 
rather purpose. 

For other ways of expressing purpose, see Rules 71 and 78. 

The student should translate the clause of purpose by the English 
infinitive.] 

legationes misit ut agros vastarent, he sent the legions to 
lay waste the fields. 

49. Result is written in the subjunctive, usually after ut or 
ut non, and the relative pronoun. 



86 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

[Note : If the main clause is negative, quin usually takes the 
place of ut non (see Rule 80).] 

mons impendebat ut transire non possent, a mountain 
overhung so that they could not go across. 

50. Characteristic. Occasionally, the logical connection of 
a relative clause is to define some quality or characteristic of 
its antecedent. This is called a " relative clause of charac- 
teristic," and is written in the subjunctive. Otherwise, the 
mode is indicative. 

[Note : The test of mode may be this : May the words " of the 
sort that " be reasonably inserted before the relative, then the clause 
is characteristic. 

Three of the following are of characteristic. Find them : " There 
were some who pitied Cagsar "; " Let us compel a peace which shall 
have no plots"; "There are studies which sharpen the wits"; 
" This is He who is called King of the Jews."] 

51. Cum Causal. Cum often introduces a clause of cause, 
the verb of which is subjunctive. 

quae cum ita sint, now, since this is so, . . . 

52. Cum Concessive. Cum, in the sense of " though," in- 
troduces a clause of concession, whose verb is subjunctive. 
The main verb usually has ta7nen. 

cum primi concldissent, tamen reliqui resistebant, though 
the first had fallen, yet the rest resisted. 

53. Relative Time — Cum. Cu?n, in the sense of " while " 
and " after," introduces a clause of relative time, whose verb is 
subjunctive. 

[Note: The tenses are imperfect, to express "while"; pluper- 
fect, " after."] 

cum Caesar in Gallia esset, while Coesar was in Gaul. 
cum Caesar in Galliam pervenisset, after Ccesar had ar- 
rived in Gaul, 



RULES OF SYNTAX 87 

54. Quod Causal. Quod, quia, quoniam, all meaning " since," 
often introduce reasons which are given on another's authority, 
not that of the writer or speaker. 

[Note : By this use, the writer disclaims all responsibility. The 
reason being thus indirectly quoted, the clause is properly subject to 
the rules of indirect discourse. See Rule 6S.] 

quod sit destitutus queritur, he complains because, as he 
says, lie has been deserted. 

55. Dum, Donee, Quoad sometimes take the indicative of 
actual event in the past, but often their idea is of purpose, 
doubt, futurity of a contingent event. The mode is then sub- 
junctive. 

[Note : Test this for mode : " I was happy until he came."] 
Caesar exspectavit dum naves convenirent, Ccesar waited 
until the ships should assemble. 

56. Indirect Question. The indirect quotation of a direct 
question is in the subjunctive. 

[Note : The question is made the object of a verb of asking, 
telling, and the like.] 

quid sentio, what do I think ? 

quid ipse sentiam exponam, / will explain what I think. 

Addendum: Subjunctive of Fearing. (See Rule 90.) 

Special Functions of the Indicative 

57. Cum Temporal — Present. When cum introduces a 
clause of time in the present or the future, it takes the indica- 
tive. 

cum videbis, turn scies, when you see, then you will know- 

58. Absolute Time — Cum. Cum, in the sense of "when." 
sometimes merely defines the time in the past at which some- 
thing was or was done. It then takes the indicative mode of 
" absolute time." 



88 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

[Note: For "relative time," i.e., defining the circumstances or 
conditions under which something was or was done, see Rule 53.] 
paruit cum parere necesse erat, he obeyed when it was 
necessary. 

59. Absolute Time — Other Conjunctions. Postquam or 
posteaquam, after: ut, ubi, when or whenever; cn?n primu?n, 
simul, simul ac, siinul atque, as soon as, introduce clauses of 
absolute time, and take the indicative. 

[Note : The tense is usually perfect or " historical " present, al- 
though ut and ubi, in the sense of " whenever," take the pluperfect.] 
Caesar, cum primum potuit, ad exercitum contendit, 

as soon as he was able, Ca>sar hastened to the army. 
id ubi dixisset, hastam mittebat, whenever he said this, 
he hurled a spear. 

60. Causal. The conjunctions quod, quia, quoniam , quando 
usually take the indicative of cause. 

[Note: For exception, see Rule 54.] 

quod altissimi sunt muri, Caesar multos dies morabitur, 
because the walls are veiy hi%h, C&sar will linger 
many days. 



Conditional Sentences 

[Note : There is a two-fold classification of conditions ; the one, 
called " simple," offering no hint of the truth or falsity of the con- 
dition; the other necessitating a distinct supposition of the fulfil- 
ment or non-fulfilment of the condition. For purpose of distinction, 
we may call the latter kind " complex," since it is varied in form, 
and requires perhaps more careful analysis. 

There are two parts in every complete conditional sentence ; the 
one, called protasis, being subordinate and containing the condition ; 
the other, called apodosis, containing the conclusion. 

The conjunctions usually employed to introduce the protasis are 



RULES OF SYNTAX 89 

st, if ; nisi, unless ; sin, but if. The apodosis is often introduced by 
sic, ita, turn. 

Often the protasis is omitted, but implied, and sometimes the 
whole structure is mixed and confusing.] 

61. Simple Condition. If the protasis offers no means to 
enable one to determine its truth or falsity, the condition is 
called simple, and the mode of both parts is indicative. 

[Note : The English sentence above is an illustration of such a 
condition. See Rule 68.] 

si fortis est eum laudo, if he is brave, I praise him. 

62. Future Condition — "More Vivid.' ' If the future ful- 
filment of the condition is regarded as probable, that is, as 
actually going to happen, the future indicative is used in both 
clauses. 

[Note : The future perfect is used in the protasis if its accom- 
plishment is to precede the result.] 

si pugnabit, turn eum laudabo, if he fights, then I shall 

praise him. 
Caesar pacem faciet, si hostes obsides dederint, Cczsar 
will make peace if the ene7ny will have surrendered 
hostages. 

63. Future Condition — " Less Vivid.' ' If the fulfilment of 
the condition is regarded as improbable, the present subjunctive 
is used in both clauses. 

mentiar, si negem, I should lie if I should deny it. 

64. Contrary to Fact — Present. Often the supposition is 
known to be false, then the imperfect subjunctive is used in 
both clauses, when the condition still exists. 

si amici mei adessent, laetus essem, if my friends were 
present, I would be happy. 

65. Contrary to Fact — Past. In a known false condition 
of past time, the pluperfect subjunctive is used in both clauses. 



9° THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

nisi tu amisisses, nunquam recepissem, unless you had 
lost it, I should never have recovered it. 



Indirect Discourse 

66. Indirect Discourse is the expression of another's thoughts 
without regard for his exact words. 

[Note : The incalculable advantage of this device of speech was 
slow to occur to the human mind. It is comparatively recent in the 
history of language, being found for the first fully developed in the 
Greek and Latin. Of the earlier tongues, only the Sanscrit has the 
germ of it. To-day, in common speech, it is universal. 

For an extended illustration of the application of the following 
rules in the change of discourse, see the text of chapter 17, second 
part.] 

67. The Infinitive. The main verb of the direct discourse 
becomes infinitive when written indirectly. 

[Note: The infinitive clause is always the object of a verb — 
whether present or implied — of saying, telling, etc.] 

miles est fortis (direct). 

dixit mllitem esse fortem (indirect). 

68. Subordinate Clauses are regularly subjunctive in indirect 
discourse. 

[Note : Sometimes the student will find them indicative ; the 
clause may then be regarded as an insertion of the writer or speaker 
— as given on his own authority — and hence not an integral part of 
the quotation.] 

Let the pupil select examples from the text. 

69. Real Questions become subjunctive in indirect discourse. 

[Note : " Real " questions, which are used to obtain information, 
are opposed to " rhetorical " questions, which are really declarative 
in meaning. The latter are treated as declarative, and thus fall 
under Rule 67 ; as in chapter 14, sixth sentence, quod . . .posse.] 



R ULES OF S YNTAX 9 1 

quid tibi vis ? what do you wish f 

Ariovistus Caesari respondit : quid sibi vellet, Ariovis- 
tus asked Caesar what he watited. 

70. The Imperative becomes subjunctive in indirect dis- 
course. 

[Note: The negative remains ne. Chapter 13 contains several 
illustrations.] 

Divico Caesari dixit : ne suae virtuti tribueret, Divico 
told CcBsar not to attribute it to his (Caesar's) valor. 
(Let the student give the original command in the last sentence.) 
70a. Addendum : Tenses in indirect discourse, see Rule 93. 



III. ADDENDA 

71. Purpose Constructions. There are found eight distinct 
ways of expressing the idea of purpose. Of the following, the 
first two are the most common, and the first six not infrequent. 
The seventh is used only after intransitive verbs. The last is 
quite rare, late, and not in Cicero. 

In all of them, the purpose construction is best translated 
into English by the infinitive; as, "to attack the city" (see 
Note in Rule 48). 

a. By ut, etc. (see Rule 48). 

b. By the relative clause (Rule 48). 

c. By ad and the gerundive. 
venerunt ad urbem oppugnandam. 

d. By causa and the genitive of the gerund, or the genitive 
of a noun or pronoun. 

venerunt urbem oppugnandi causa. 

e. By causa and the genitive of the genmdive. 
venerunt urbis oppugnandae causa. 



9 2 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

f. By the supine in -um, after verbs of motion. 
venerunt urbem oppugnatum. 

g. By ad and the gerund, after intransitive verbs, 
venerunt ad urbem oppugnandum. 

h. By the future participle. 

venerunt urbem oppugnaturi. 

72. Historical Infinitive. Sometimes, to give the impression 
of rapid movement of events in narration, the infinitive is used 
instead of a past indicative. 

[Note: Its subject is nominative; see Rule 26. 

For example, see the text of chapter 16, first sentence, fdgitdre.] 

73. Superlative of Eminence denotes a very high degree of 
a quality, when no distinct comparison is present. 

Rhenus altissimus est, the Rhine is very deep (chapter 2). 

73a. Note : With quam or vel, the superlative denotes the very 
highest possible degree ; as, 

quam maximae copiae adsunt, as many troops as possible 
are present. (See, also, chapter 7.) 

74. Complementary Infinitive expresses an additional action 
or state of the same subject, thus completing the meaning of 
the main verb. 

Roma proficisci maturat, he hastens to depart from Rome. 

[Note : Let the pupil analyze this sentence with careful reference 
to the above definition.] 

75. The Latter Supine (in -u) is used with certain adjectives, 
nouns, and verbs, as an ablative of specification. 

[Note : The adjectives commonly found are those meaning easy 
or difficult, and those with reference to effects produced on the 
senses ox feelings. The verbs found are about twenty-five in number, 



RULES OF SYNTAX 93 

and include prominently auditu, dictil, factu . The nouns are fds y 
nefas, opus."] 

perfacile factu est, it is very easy to do (literally, it is very 
easy with respect to the doing — see Rule 38). 

foeda sunt auditu, it is shocking to hear. 

76. Infinitive as Subject or Object. These are the usual 
constructions of the infinitive. For an exception as to use, see 
Rule 72. 

a. As Subject : The predicate is usually some form of esse 
or an i?npersonal verb ; 1 

eum poenam sequi oportet, the penalty ought to follow 
him. 

b. As Object : This use is of a two-fold kind: the one, de- 
scribed in Rule 74 ; the other being chiefly that described in 
Rule 6y, note. 

In addition, the following verbs take the infinitive as direct 
object : iubeo, to order ; veto, to forbid ; patior and sinb, to 
allow ; void, nolo, malo, cupio j as, 

signa inferri iubet, he orders the standards to be advanced. 

11. The Preposition Ad, with the accusative, expresses the 
idea of " near," in number or place. 

oppida sua, numero ad duodecim, incendunt, they burn 

their towns, about twelve in number. 
pons ad Genavam erat, there was a bridge near Geneva. 

78. Quo introduces a clause of purpose, when the clause 
contains a comparative. 

castella communit, quo facilius eos prohibere possit, he 

fortifies redoubts in order to check them the 7nore easily 
(chapter 8). 

79. Apposition. A noun which closely follows and ex- 
plains another noun agrees with the latter in case, and is 
called an " appositive." 



94 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

opera Ciceronis oratoris legimus, we are reading the 
works of Cicero, the orator. 

80. Quin introduces a clause of result after negatived ideas 
of "doubt," " hinder," " prevent," and " resist." 

[Note : The following are common in this construction : du- 
Mum est, impedio, deterred. An exception to this, usually, is pro- 
hibed, which takes an infinitive object, instead of the quin clause. 
For example, see Rule 86.] 

noia dubium est quin hoc fecerit, there is no doubt he has 

done this. 
nihil impedit quin veniat, nothing hinders his co7ning. 

81. Degree of Difference. The ablative is used with com- 
paratives and words denoting comparison to express measure 
or degree of difference. 

[Note : The words of comparison usually found are post, ante, 
infra, suprd.~\ 

proelium paucis ante diebus factum est, a battle was 
fought a few days before (chapter 18, last sentence). 

82. Predicate Noun or Adjective is one used after esse, or 
similar meanings, to complete the sense, and agreeing with the 
subject in case. 

populus Romanus testis est, the Roman people is witness. 
flumen est latum, the river is wide. 

83. Coordinate Participle. The perfect passive participle is 
sometimes used when the English would rather employ a 
coordinate clause. 

Caesar suas legiones coactas praemisit, Casar collected 
his legions and sent them forward. 

84. Periphrastic Conjugation — Active. The future parti- 
ciple may be combined with all forms of esse to denote what is 
or was likely or going to happen at any time. 

castra moturi erant, they were going to move camp. 



RULES OF SYNTAX 95 

85. Periphrastic Conjugation — Passive. The gerundive 
may be combined with all forms of esse to denote moral obliga- 
tion and necessity. 

For further explanation and example, see Rule 16. 

86. The Imperfect Tense. Besides its regular significance 
of continued past state or action, the imperfect expresses the 
ideas of habitual, repeated, and attempted action. 

[Note : The latter use is called the " conative."] 
ad montes ibam, / used to go to the mountains. 
frumentum flagitabat, he repeatedly demanded grain. 
hostes nostros progredi prohibebant, the ene?ny tried to 
keep our men fro?n advancing 

[Note: For the construction with prohibebant, see Rule 8o, 
note.] 

87. Personal Separation. The dative of persons is used as 
the indirect object of verbs of " taking away " and the like, 
the thing taken being made the accusative object. 

[Note: Compare this with Rule 27, in which the person is the 
direct object.] 

nihil tibi detraxit senectus, old age has taken nothing from 
you. 

88. The Comparative has sometimes a special significance 
in expressing the idea of a considerable or undue degree of a 
quality, and may then be translated by " rather," " somewhat," 
11 too." 

senectus est loquacior, old age is rather talkative. 
iuventus est audacior, youth is too bold. 

89. Copulative Relative. Sometimes the relative pronoun 
begins a sentence, and serves to connect it closely to the pre- 
ceding narrative. 

quae omnia ab his facta sunt, now, all these things were 
done by them. 



9 6 THE BEGINNER'S C&SAR 

[Note : Let the pupil notice that the relative is then translated 
by " now " and a demonstrative pronoun.] 

90. Verbs of Fearing take the subjunctive with rie, " lest," 
and ut, " that not.' , 

[Note : This apparent anomaly in the use of the conjunction is 
explained by the fact that originally the subordinate clause was re- 
garded as an independent optative subjunctive. — See Rule 46.] 

timed ne veniat, I fear he will C07?ie (originally, " I am 
afraid. May he not come ! "). 

91. Future Infinitive Periphrasis. Verbs which have no 
supine lack the future infinitive. Hence a substitute is neces- 
sary. Usually this substitute is also used instead of the regu- 
lar infinitive in the passive voice of any verb. The substitute 
is fore ut or futurum esse ut, with a subjunctive of result. 

spero fore ut te paeniteat levitatis, I hope you will repent 

of your fickleness. 
spero futurum esse ut hostes vincantur, I hope the enemy 

will be conquered. 

[Let the student translate: " Caesar said he would demand 
hostages," using the verb posco.'] 

92. Tenses of the Infinitive in indirect discourse may be 
readily determined by returning the discourse to its original 
direct speech. This shows the original tense, and the infinitive 
must preserve it. The only difference is in the past tenses, in 
which case the perfect infinitive serves a threefold use — 
representing the imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses. 

[Let the student follow the above direction, and determine the 
tenses of the infinitives in the following : — 
" He says that he has come." 
" He said that he would come." 
" He will say that he came." 
" He saw that the soldiers were brave." 
" He thought that the enemy had gone."] 



RULES OF SYNTAX 97 

93. Sequence of Tenses. In complex sentences, a " princi- 
pal " tense of the main clause is followed by a "principal" 
tense of the subordinate clause; an "historical" tense is like- 
wise followed by an " historical." 

[Note: The "principal" tenses are those denoting present and 
future time, embracing the present, future, present perfect, and future 
perfect. The " historical " tenses are those denoting past time, em- 
bracing the imperfect, historical perfect, and pluperfect, and often an 
" historical " present. 

Let the pupil examine various complex sentences in the text, with 
reference to the foregoing law.] 

94. Subjunctive by Attraction. Sometimes a verb which 
would regularly be indicative is written in the subjunctive 
under the influence of the infinitive or subjunctive verb upon 
which it depends, especially when the two clauses form one 
complex idea. 

For example, see chapter 27, second sentence, quo turn essent. 

95. A, ab, de (dis), e, and ex, in composition with verbs, 
take the ablative without a preposition if the idea of separa- 
tion is figurative ; in literal or actual separation or motion the 
preposition accompanies the ablative. 

[Note : See Rules 27 and 40, of which this is a part.] 
conatu desistunt, they desist from the attempt. 
de provincia decessit, he withdrew fro?n the province. 

96. Imperfect vs. Historical Perfect. The imperfect is the 
tense of description; the perfect, of narration. The former 
describes a situation ; the latter advances the narration of 

events. 

97. Hendiadys is a figure of syntax consisting of two nouns 
in coordinate construction, one of which is logically dependent. 

fidem et ius iurandum dant, they give the oath of alle- 
giance. 



9^ THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

98. Dative with Special Verbs. The dative is used as the 
object of libet, licet, and compounds of satis, bene, and male. 

id nobis facere licet, we are allowed to do this. 

mini ipsi nunquam satisfacio, / never satisfy myself. 

99. Personal Instrument or Means is expressed by per with 
the accusative. 

Caesar certior factus est per legatos, Ccesar was in- 
formed through envoys. 

100. Substantive Clauses are those which are used like 
nouns, as subject or object, or in apposition. 

[Note : Such clauses are usually infinitive \ subjunctive of purpose 
or result, indicative with quod, indirect question. 

For example, see chapter io, second sentence, ut . . . haberet.] 

101. Greek Accusative. The synecdochical or Greek accu- 
sative of specification is found in Latin — frequently in poetry, 
occasionally in prose. 

Examples in prose : — 

id temporis, as to that time. 

quod si, but z/' (literally, as to which, if), 

102. The genitive occurs with causa, gratia, " for the sake 
of " ; ergo, " because of " ; instar, " like " ; pridie, " the day be- 
fore " ; postridie, " the day after " ; tenus, " as far as." 

Authorities differ in the technical assignment of this geni- 
tive ; some call it simply " subjective," others " partitive." 
Logically neither seems wholly satisfactory. 

103. The Adjectival Partitive. Superlatives and some com- 
paratives of adjectives expressing the idea of order, rank, or 
succession, also medius, ceterus, and reliquus, mean not what 
object, but what part of it. 

prima nocte, in the first part of the night. 



RULES OF SYNTAX 



99 



104. Logical Agreement of the Verb. Sometimes the verb 
agrees not with its grammatical subject, but with the subject 
appositive or a predicate noun, serving as the logical subject. 

summa omnium fuerunt, they were in all. 

105. The Adjectival Participle. The participle is often the 
equivalent of a subordinate clause or phrase, expressing time, 
cause, condition, concession, manner, and means. 

damnatum poenam sequi oportebat, if condemned, he 
must suffer punishment. 




Pons a Caesare hi Rheno f actus 



LofC.< 



NOTES 



Being Mainly Geographical and Historical 

Caesaris commentarii is the proper title of the complete account 
of Caesar's campaigns as proconsul of Gaul, from the spring of 58 
B.C., when on his arrival he began his operations against the Hel- 
vetii, to 52 B.C., when he won his memorable victory over Gaul, 
united under the intrepid Vercingetorix, " the greatest of the Gauls, 
the first national hero of France." These seven campaigns were 
written by Caesar himself, and the account is popularly called the 
M seven books of the Gallic war." Each " book " is a concise chron- 
icle of one year. The short interim, from the fall of the town of 
Alesia in 52, when, as Plutarch says, " Vercingetorix came out of 
the gate, threw off his armor, and sat quietly at Caesar's feet," to the 
last futile rally of the Gauls in the southwest, is narrated in the 
eighth and final book by one of Caesar's officers and friends, Hirtius 
Pansa. 

As present and indubitable testimony of the fact of these closing 
experiences of the great commander, it is pertinent to state here that 
about 1865 the government of France made extensive investigations 
on the site of old Alesia, and in these excavations innumerable relics 
and traces of the siege were found. Camps, redoubts, trenches, 
staked pits, and coins, swords, spear -heads and other articles, testify 
not alone to the truth but the accuracy of Caesar's account of this 
siege, which is " one of the most remarkable on record, and which 
may well rank among the decisive military operations of the world's 
history." 

Supplementary Reading on the Bellum Helveticum 

Froude's Caesar, pp. 214-231. 
Fowler's Julius Caesar, Chap. 8. 

101 



102 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

Guizot's History of France, Vol. I, pp. 47-51. 

Merivale's History of Rome, Vol. I, pp. 237-262. 

Mommsen's History of Rome, Vol. IV, pp. 289-295. 

Napoleon's Caesar, Vol. II, Ch. 3. 

Plutarch's Lives, Caesar. 

Trollope's Caesar's Commentaries, Chap. 2. 



THE HELVETIAN WAR 
Chapter I 

Gallia, or Gaul, may be regarded roughly as the region now 
covered by France. More particularly, it was the section of conti- 
nental Europe west of the Alps and the Rhine, including Switzerland, 
and north of the Pyrenees mountains. To this may be added the 
land below the Alps, which Caesar calls Gallia citerior, and which 
the northern tribes of Europe, some five hundred years before, had 
overrun, not stopping short of the sack of the great Rome itself. 

Notice carefully that Caesar sometimes speaks of Gallia as merely 
one of the three divisions of " Gaul as a whole.'* 

Belgae, Aquitani, Celtae : These nations are represented to-day 
by the Welsh, Basques of northwestern Spain, and the Irish and 
Highland Scotch, respectively. 

The Belgae : The Belgian tribes commonly claimed German origin. 
Strabo calls them yepixavucbv edvos y a " Germanic people." And Hir- 
tius, in the Eighth Book, says, " They are not much different from 
the Germans." 

The Celtae : These are the people whom the Romans meant 
especially when they spoke of Gauls. In Caesar's time they had 
fallen from the position of headship of all France to a third part in 
the territorial division which he describes. They called themselves 
" Children of Night," whence the origin of our expression fortnight 
and sennight — in accordance with the Gallic manner of reckoning 
time by night. Modern scholars have learned a little of their lan- 
guage from proper names and inscriptions, which show them to be 
a branch of the Aryan race, which swept westward from Asia over 
Europe long before the time of Greece or Rome. For the English 



NOTES IO3 

meaning of some Celtic proper names, see the Vocabulary of this 
book. 

Mercatores, or " Italian traders " : Caesar tells us that the Belgians 
were yet untouched by Roman civilization, they being too remote for 
the visits of the Italian traders, coming up from Marseilles along the 
natural highway of the Rhone, the Saone, and then the Loire. But 
upon the great and open central portion, the land of the Celts, was 
being dumped, from pack-horse, mule, or cart, every luxury of the 
Roman epicure — and with it all, slowly, the attendant vices. The 
most common article of traffic was the sparkling southern wines, for 
which, it is said, these people would barter their sons. 

Thus Rome was waging a double-headed warfare 0/ arms and de- 
bauchery. The one followed the ravages of the other, and already 
in Caesar's day the former bold and hardy tribes of Gaul, that " once 
magnificent people, were in a state of change and decomposition." 

In order that the pupil may understand better the environment of 
the people against whom Caesar planned and executed his victorious 
campaigns, we quote here a few lines from Fronde : 

" The Gauls had yielded to contact with the Roman Province. 
They had built towns and villages. They had covered the land 
with farms and homesteads. They had made roads. They had 
bridged rivers, even such rivers as the Rhone and the Loire. They 
had amassed w T ealth, and had adopted habits of comparative luxury, 
which, if it had- not abated their disposition to fight, had diminished 
their capacity for fighting. 

" The chief was either hereditary or elected, or won his command 
by the sword. The mass of the people were serfs. The best fight- 
ers were self-made nobles, under the chief's authority. Every man 
in the tribe was the chief's absolute subject; the chief, in turn, was 
bound to protect the meanest of them against injury from without. 
War, on a large scale or a small, had been the occupation of their 
lives. When the call to arms went out, every man of the required age 
was expected at the muster, and the last comer was tortured to death 
in the presence of his comrades as a lesson against backwardness." 

Thus we see a rude resemblance to feudalism. 

Oceano : This means the Atlantic, and especially that part adja- 
cent to France, now called the Bay of Biscay. 



104 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 



Chapter II 



Orgetorix : He first suggested his scheme in B.C. 61, three years 
before Caesar's appearance in Gaul. This date is confirmed by a 
sentence in the next chapter. Note how the Romans expressed 
dates, viz., by designating the consuls of the particular year. 

loci natura : " These bold, hardy mountaineers occupied modern 
Switzerland." 

provinciam nostram : See Vocabulary. 

pro multitudine : The population of Helvetia, as given by Caesar 
in chapter 29, was only 263,000. As the same region now has a 
population of about three millions, the fact of over-crowded condi- 
tions must be disregarded in accounting for the migration. Rather 
is it attributable to the increasing encroachment of the Germans, 
and the report of broad, fertile fields far to the west along the shores 
of the Bay of Biscay between the Garonne and the Loire. Above 
all is the fact of their inherent unrest, as shown by the escapades of 
previous generations ; their part in the Cimbri invasion, their al- 
liances with the Teutons on lesser occasions, their campaigns of fire 
and sword down the Rhone. The disaster at Aix, forty years be- 
fore, was now forgotten, and time was ripe for another outbreak. 
This is rather the natural explanation of their desire for new homes. 

in latitudinem : The Jahrbucher fur classische Philologie sug- 
gests that Caesar wrote LXXX, and this was changed to CLXXX 
by mistake of some early copyist. The region in question measures 
80 Roman miles in width, instead of 180, as given. The Roman 
mile, or " a thousand paces," is about .9 of the English mile, or 
4,854 feet. The passus is 4 feet 10^ inches. 

Chapter III 

regnum obtinuerat : Catamantaloedis had formerly held the chief- 
taincy among his people. His son, Casticus, was induced to make 
an effort to secure the same position for himself. From this we in- 
fer that the chief authority was no longer hereditary, but elective or 
won by the sword or political chicane. 

principatum : A close distinction is drawn by some authorities 



NOTES I05 

between this word and rcguum. The latter was distinctly political, 
necessarily involving official position and authority, a power con- 
ferred by the tribe. The principatum was the prerogative of one 
born to rank and wealth, being a position of prominence without 
constitutional or official power. This distinction seems to be con- 
firmed by the case of Dumnorix. He already possessed the princi- 
patum, and was induced to try for the regnum, that is, the political 
sovereignty. (See notes to chapter 19, principatum^) 

regna : The plural is used because the political sovereignty of 
three states is meant. 

tres populos : Helvetii, iEdui, Sequani. 

Chapter IV 

Ea res : The conspiracy. 

Ex vinculis : " In chains." 

damnatum . . . oportebat : Note that Caesar omits eum, which is 
the implied object of seaui, the whole being the subject of the im- 
personal verb. 

igni : Barbarous and inhuman practices seem to have been not 
uncommon among the Gauls. See the quotation from Froude, in 
Chapter I, last sentence. Human sacrifice was sometimes offered 
in religious ceremony. Fire was the common fate of traitors. 

suam familiam : The meaning of this is now a mooted question. 
The derivation of this word, from famulus, " servant," seems to show 
plainly that it means a gang of servants or slaves, rendered by the 
one word " household." Caesar's sentence is then properly con- 
structed, for the clients and debtors are separate and additional 
members of the entire retinue of Orgetorix, and not to be considered 
a part of the familia. If not so, then his sentence is carelessly 
written. The latter fact is sometimes argued. 

clientes : Retainers or devoted followers, whom oath and sacred 
custom compelled to follow their chief, like the vassal of the middle 
ages. Caesar here uses a Latin word which to the Roman gave at 
once a clear idea of that relationship of lord and vassal which reached 
its fullness of growth in mediaeval times ; for it existed in Rome as 
well as Gaul under the name of client and patron. Thus Caesar 
does not enter into explanation of the matter, for he knows his 



106 THE BEGINNER'S C^SAR 

people are already familiar with it at home. In a subsequent book, 
however, he again mentions this institution, and shows especial 
interest in a peculiar feature of it. In Book III, Chapter 22, Caesar 
tells us that when Crassus was campaigning in the southwest and 
besieging an Aquitanian town, a certain leader of the enemy came 
rushing out from another less well-guarded part of the town, accom- 
panied by six hundred devoted followers called soldurii. Caesar's 
brief account of the condition of these retainers is valuable. He 
says they enjoy all the advantages of life with him to whose service 
they are sworn, and if misfortune befalls him, they suffer the same 
fate or commit suicide. Caesar adds that never in human memory 
has a soldurius refused death after his master. This relationship 
was the natural, perhaps inevitable, growth of a time when might was 
right, and the rule that only of the strong. It is a mark of a higher 
civilization than that of the past, that we have been able to devise a 
better social order than that of vassalage. 

se eripuit : Exactly how he effected this is not explained. Some 
commentators say that the large retinue of the accused man awed 
the court to silence. 

multitudinem cogerent : See again the extract from Froude, in 
regard to the mustering of men (Notes, Chapter I). 

ut arbitrantur : Notice that ut is often used with the indicative in 
the sense of " as." 

Chapter V 

quod constituerant : This means the emigration. At first the 
older men had opposed the project, but they had at last been over- 
ruled by the. less cautious and less experienced younger element. 
Thus, prudence and wisdom of age gave way to the indiscretion and 
enthusiasm of youth, and again to the unfortunate people was to 
come a repetition of the reverses of Aix, forty years before. 

Oppidum vs. vicus : The distinction of meaning of these words is 
not more a question of size than of fortifications. About the former 
was always a wall. The latter was a group of houses in the open 
country. The existence of towns, villages, buildings, and farms, 
herein mentioned, shows the Gauls to have advanced far beyond the 
primal state of human life. 



NOTES I07 

reliqua aedificia : This means all buildings not already burned ; 
that is, all structures on the outlying farms, beyond town or village 
limits. 

trium mensium : This would seem to show how long a time it 
might take them to reach their new home. Let the pupil pause to 
contemplate what a vast amount of food would be required for 
368,000 people for three months ! It has been variously estimated 
that it took six to twelve thousand wagons and about twenty-five 
thousand draught animals, extending along a line of thirty to fifty 
miles, to transport this food. 

Rauraci, Tulingi, Latobrigi : It will be profitable for the pupil to 
take a good map of modern Europe and locate the regions occupied 
by these early people. The Rauraci were near Basle ; the Tulingi, 
near Schaffhausen ; the Latobrigi, in the Black Forest (Schwarzwald). 
Notice the repetition of the conjunction et ; this is called polysyn- 
deton. 

Boii: These were properly a Gallic tribe, although at this time 
rather widely scattered and homeless, many being in Germany, just 
across the Rhine. Schweizer-Sidler is authority for the statement 
that the Gauls in Germany were a remnant left behind in the great 
Aryan migration from east to west. 

Noreia : Modern site of Neumarkt, about one hundred miles 
southwest of Vienna. 

Chapter VI 

itinera : " There were only two ways by which they could leave 
home." If the pupil will examine a good modern map, he will see 
how effectually the ways to the south and west were blocked. Nature 
has raised an almost unbroken barrier about that little country. 
Along the south and southwest tower the highest ridges and peaks 
of the whole Alps, including the famous Rosa, St. Gothard, Great 
St. Bernard, Finster Aarhorn, Jungfrau, and the highest of all — Mt. 
Blanc. To the west stood the then impassable Jura range. Whether 
the comparatively open route down the Rhine, along the base of the 
Vosges, was considered or not we are not informed. One may infer 
that it was rejected, because of its long and tedious circuit through 
a country particularly hostile. 



108 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

Thus, nature conspired with man and matter to force a conflict 
between Gaul and Roman. So down the lake to Geneva they were 
to go. At that point a choice of way opened : they might cross the 
bridge at Geneva into the country of the Allobroges, who, although 
under Roman dominion, were not loyal to the master. Their way 
would then be through country easy to traverse; or, they might 
continue down the river along its northern bank and emerge into an 
open country, through the narrow defile where the river bends around 
the southern limb of the Jura. This way was at last forced upon 
them. This defile or pass is now called the Pas de PEcluse, and is 
situated on the line of railway from Paris to Geneva, via Macon, 
about an hour's ride out of Geneva. An idea of the wildness of this 
region may be gained from the fact that a tunnel of two and one-half 
miles has been constructed to avoid one of the most difficult parts. 

per provinciam nostram : This really means the land of the Allo- 
broges, south and southeast of Geneva, being now called Dauphine 
and Savoie. 

The region had been subjugated in B. c. 121. It had revolted 
and was again pacified by Pomptinus in B. c. 61, and made a part 
of the Roman Province, the proconsular authority thus being extended 
quite to Geneva. 

Vado transitur : Caesar says there were fords at some places. 
Now there is only one, and that is only a few miles down from 
Geneva. The river is very swift, and thus probably its current has 
worn away the bed. From Lyons to almost the mouth, the current 
is so strong that only the largest steamers can navigate it. 

Genava : This is a Celtic word, gena, meaning mouth, since at 
this point the Rhone gorges the waters of the lake into its narrow 
bed. 

pons : This is mentioned, since the Helvetii planned to cross it 
into the land of the Allobroges. Hence, Caesar's first act was to 
destroy it (see chapter VII). 

a. d. V. Kal. Apr. : ante diem quintum Kalendas Apriles, " the 
fifth day before the Kalends of April," nominally March 28. This 
is a peculiar construction. It is an instance of case by attraction, 
corresponding to mode by attraction, explained in Rule 94. Kalendas 
is the object of ante. Diem is said to be drawn away from the usual 



NOTES IO9 

ablative of time when by its proximity to ante. Apriles is an adjec- 
tive, modifying Kalendas. 

Chapter VII 

Caesari : Notice that this is the first mention of Caesar. It is 
peculiar that he, the writer, speaks of himself, the actor, always in 
the third person, as though he were writing of another. 

Let the pupil now consider how Caesar had come to be so con- 
cerned in Gallic affairs that word was brought directly to him. It 
was the custom to grant to the consuls, at the close of their term of 
office, the governorship of some province, for one year, with the title 
of proconsul. Caesar had just finished his year as consul (b. c. 59). 
He was the ablest Roman living, not excepting the great Pompey, 
who had achieved undying fame in his swift victory over the pirates 
of the Mediterranean and over Mithridates, the scourge of the East. 
Now, again, good service would be rendered Rome if she were 
relieved of fear of Gaul and German, who were hovering " like an 
ominous cloud charged with forces of uncertain magnitude," the par- 
tial strength and fury of which Italy had already more than once seen 
in action. 

Now again was the need of an able man. The Senate, as usual, 
was lethargic. The people, however, were spurred by personal 
anxiety and fear to something of the old fire. It was they who had 
urged the matter of Pompey's mission, mentioned above, and now 
again they were to make no mistake in their choice of a man to care 
for their interests on the northern frontier. They played their hand 
w T ith a vengeance, and instead of the usual one year, they determined 
to send Caesar as proconsul or governor of Gaul for five years. The 
choice of Caesar may be largely attributed to his popularity. He 
was the idol of the people, who seem to have come to feel that with 
him naught was impossible, in him "was the divine majesty of gods, 
who are the masters of kings." It was a case of prejudiced choice; 
for, as Froude says, " No Roman general was ever sent upon an 
enterprise so fraught with complicated possibilities, and few with less 
experience of the realities of war." 

Thus to Caesar, as the newly appointed governor of Gaul, was 



HO THE BEGINNER'S C^SAR 

brought word of a condition of affairs requiring his immediate 
presence. 

Maturat ab urbe : When urbs is alone, that is, without its apposi- 
tive of the particular city, it means Rome. 

Max. pot. itineribus : He travelled sometimes a hundred miles a 
day, either walking at the head of his legions, or mounted on his 
own favorite horse, which would suffer no one but his master to 
mount him, or borne in his litter while dictating to four or sometimes 
seven amanuenses — reading, writing, dictating, and listening all at 
once. " Under the rains of Gaul, swimming its rivers, climbing its 
mountains on foot, and making his bed among rains and snows in 
its forests and morasses," of which Michelet, Suetonius, and Plutarch 
all tell us, he spared himself none of the hardships of the common 
soldier. 

Provinciae . . . legio una: Caesar went by way of Marseilles, 
where he probably had left a legion on his return to Rome from 
Spain, one year before. This was the legion which was to become 
the famous " tenth." Then, after levying other troops, he hurried 
on, reaching the vicinity of Geneva in eight days (Plutarch). 

L. Cassium : This is an incident of the attempted invasion of 
Italy by the Cimbri and Teutones, Germanic tribes, with Gallic allies, 
in 107 B. c. The army of L. Cassius Longinus was one of five or 
six to be defeated by the barbarians during those fearful years from 
1 13-105 B. c. Only in 102 B. c, by Marius at Aquae Sextiae (Aix), 
near Marseilles, and in 101 B. c. at Vercellae, in Italy, were these 
disasters fully avenged. " The homeless people of the Cimbri and 
their comrades were no more" (Mommsen). 

ab Helvetiis pulsum : After the Cimbri had defeated the Roman 
consul, Papirius Carbo, in Noricum, B. c. 113, they turned westward 
and instigated the Helvetii to similar action. 

sub iugum : " under the yoke." This ceremony was the usual 
token of surrender. Livy, the greatest contemporary Roman histo- 
rian, the personal friend of the Caesars, the Gibbon- Macaulay of his 
day, describes the construction of the yoke as follows : " Tribus hastis 
iugum fit; humi fixis duabus, superque eas transversa una deligata." 
Under this the defeated army marched. Note our word subjugate. 



.VOTES HI 



Chapter VIII 



interea : "in the meantime," i.e., from the time the Helvetian 
agents left him, April i, until the designated time of their return, 
April 13. 

murum fossamque perducit : Thus entrance into the Province 
was prevented, but the way to the west still lay open through the 
Pas de l'Ecluse. Caesar's force was small. He must replenish it. 
Leaving Labienus to guard the newly constructed line of defenses 
along the south bank of the Rhone, he set out for Italy. But before 
he could return with his five new legions, the enemy had accom- 
plished their exodus through the Sequani, and were plundering and 
ravaging the land of the ^Edui, as given in chapters 9, 10 and 11 
following. 

As to the wall and moat which were constructed from Geneva to 
the pass of the Jura, a distance of about eighteen miles by the river, 
but only half that in a straight line, the labor of construction does 
not seem wonderful when we are told that recent surveys show that 
the total extent of space requiring fortification was only about three 
miles. The work was probably done in as many days. The reason 
for this short distance is that the south bank of the river is very 
rugged, being quite precipitous in most places. Thus only at ex- 
posed places, where the bank was sloping, were defenses necessary 
to prevent the enemy from fording and scaling the opposite shore. 
A clear idea of the appearance of these walls and ditches will be 
gained by a study of the cut on page 44. 

praesidia, castella : The former were forces, occupying the latter. 
The castella were little forts, built at the more open and accessible 
points along the river. The engineers who surveyed the ground by 
direction of Napoleon III, already mentioned in these Notes, found 
traces of these structures. About four redoubts, or castella, were 
located. It would be ill advised to associate these fortresses with 
the fords, since the Helvetii were in possession of boats and rafts, 
which made them independent of shallows. Knowing this, the 
Romans certainly took no notice of fords in locating their castella. 
Hence the statement that in those days there were more fords than 
at present does not follow from this fact of the castella. 



!I2 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 



Chapter IX 

Sequanis invitis : However willing the Sequani might be to see 
the Helvetii in their neighbors' territories, they objected to the pres- 
ence, in their own, of such a flight of devouring locusts. Evidently, 
however, there was some general scheme, of which the entry of the 
Helvetii into Gaul was an essential part; thus, the Sequani were 
induced to agree (Froude). 

To see what this general scheme was will help the pupil to com- 
prehend the political situation in Gaul at this time. The yEdui seem 
to have inherited the Celtic leadership of old, and the Romans, in 
their desire to extend their power over Gaul, had taken them under 
their protection. But this subtle influence was resisted, not only by 
tribes quite as strong as the ^Edui, but even by parties within tribes 
nominally favorable to Rome, even within the ^Edui themselves. 
The national spirit was not dead in Gaul. Everywhere the patriots, 
proud of their independence, rankling against the fetters Rome was 
slowly forging for them, were at work marshalling their strength 
within and without their country, soliciting assistance from whatever 
source, even from the Germans. As Caesar tells us in Book VI, 
chapters n and 12, in every district, in every hamlet, were these two 
factions, one in sympathy with Rome, the other bitterly averse to all 
foreign interference, each seeking external assistance, looking for 
friends beyond the confines of their own country. The prowess of 
the Helvetii, and especially their experience in warfare with both 
Roman and German, made them especially welcome to the national 
or patriotic party. Their presence would be a most desirable acqui- 
sition in a struggle for maintenance of Gallic independence. Thus, 
since the party of the patriots was now everywhere ascendant, the 
entry of this hardy people was easily effected, being an important 
part of the general scheme to resist the encroachment of the Romans. 

Dumnorigem Aeduum : In Book VI, chapter 12, Caesar says 
the leaders of the two factions were the iEdui, for Rome ; the Se- 
quani, for the people. This is but a broad statement of the situa- 
tion; for, as he himself says again, as stated above, in every district, 
in every hamlet, and even in families, there was the same factional 
strife. Dumnorix was the ardent leader of the national faction 



NOTES 113 

among the iEdui. Thus he favored the coming of the Helvetii. 
With the success of the patriots, he hoped for the regnum (see Notes 
to chapter 3), not of the Sequani alone, but perhaps of Gaul. 

obsides dant : This fact shows the utter decomposition and alien- 
ation of the Gallic people as well as their extreme barbarism, since 
this guaranty of a peaceful passage was deemed necessary. This 
proved to be a wise foresight of the Sequani, when the passing 
throng reached the land beyond. (See chapter n.) 

Chapter X 

Quiet at last followed the repeated but vain attempts of the Hel- 
vetii to scale the south bank of the Rhone, and enter the possessions 
of the Allobroges, as described in chapter 8. To know the cause 
of the lull and what was transpiring in the Helvetian quarters, Caesar 
sent scouts, who brought back word (Caesari renuntiatur) of the in- 
tended movements of the enemy. 

In this chapter Caesar states fully why he was so opposed to the 
emigration of the Helvetii. Some writers are inclined to discredit 
him, and feel that his reasons were but pretexts for interference, dis- 
guising his real purpose of extending Roman sovereignty over Gaul. 

Judging Rome by her previous history and even by events then 
going on in other parts of her frontier, this may be true. Yet the 
force of Caesar's argument, that it would be dangerous to have such 
a hostile and warlike people as the Helvetii as neighbors to the 
Romanized tribes of the western part of the province, separated not 
by impassable mountains, but by reaches of open and level plains, 
must be credited. Furthermore, there was no surety that the emi- 
grants would abide in their new home. Caesar's keen mind foresaw 
that the whole movement was but the prelude of the play, and 
sooner or later the whole region would rise and move as one great 
tide over the borders of the empire. The beginning must be stopped 
once for all. Some commentators have argued the emptiness of 
Caesar's excuse of opposition to the Helvetii, and have said that, in- 
stead of being nearer to the Roman dominions, the emigrants in 
question would be still further away. In respect to miles, as the 
crow flies, this claim is true, virtually it is absurd. As Cicero once 



H4 THE BEGINNER'S CJESAR 

said, the gods placed the Alps to shelter Rome in her weakness. 
Helvetia lay beyond that barrier, while on the far west, from the 
northern bank of the mouth of the Garonne, whither the emigrants 
were making, to the borders of the Province, was a stretch of only a 
hundred miles of open country. To cross this would be, for any 
warring party of horse, but the casting of a pebble. 

Another conclusive reason for resisting the emigration itself is 
found to have been in Caesar's mind, by the fact that after the defeat 
of the enemy at Bibracte, near Autun (chapter 26), he ordered the 
remnant of the people to return to Helvetia ; for he knew, if it were 
left vacant, hordes of Germans would fill it, and from there out again 
they would follow in the wake of the Helvetii, and thus Rome would 
soon have to do with a still fiercer and still more dreaded foe. 

in Italiam : Nominally, Italy extended north only to the Rubicon 
river. Caesar went only to Aquileia, near the head of the Adriatic, 
now Aquila, an inconsiderable city, long since outgrown by Venice. 
At that time Aquileia was the chief recruiting station for the north- 
west, and very strongly fortified. 

magnis itineribus : From 20 to 25 miles per day. 

proximum iter : He returned from Aquileia by way of Turin, 
where he levied the duas legiones mentioned, and thence on to the 
pass of Mont Genevre, just south of the famous Mt. Cenis tunnel of 
to-day, and near the modern Briancon. Here he was attacked by 
mountaineers, whom he speedily repulsed. 

quinque legiones : There was already one legion on the Rhone 
with Labienus. This made six legions, or about 25,000 men, now 
under Caesar's command, besides some native recruits of Gallic 
cavalry. 

Ocelum : The modern site of this town is not known. Certainly, 
it was very near, if not quite, where Briancon now stands. Some 
suggest, rather, the city of Grenoble, pop. 65,000, situated at the 
confluence of the Isere and the Drac, in the magnificent plain of 
Graisivaudan, surrounded by imposing mountains. 

Segusiavi : These were clients of the iEdui, hence mainly favor- 
able to Rome. They were situated around modern Lyons. Caesar 
crossed the Rhone above Lyons, keeping a northwesterly route to- 
ward the Saone, thus aiming to reach the rear of the advancing host. 



NOTES US 

In tracing his route at this point, there is a little uncertainty. If 
he crossed the Rhone below Lyons, into the main country of the 
Segusiavi, as is to be inferred from his last statements in this chap- 
ter, then it were necessary that he recross the Rhone or pass over 
the Saone above Lyons, in order to get into the rear of the enemy, 
who were crossing the latter river on their way westward, as de- 
scribed in chapter 12. But Caesar makes no mention of such a 
detour. Thus it is generally interpreted that the Segusiavi reached 
across the river at Vienne, and occupied more or less of the region 
on the east side northward from that point. Thus, as stated, it is 
generally understood that he kept on in a northwesterly route, 
across this arm of the Segusiavan country, crossing the Rhone above 
Lyons, where it turns to the east. 

Chapter XI 

iam : " By this time." Napoleon III estimated that Caesar was 
absent on his recruiting expedition around Aquileia about 40 days. 
During this time, the Helvetii had marched but about 100 miles, that 
is, from Geneva, via the pass of the Jura, to Macon on the Saone. 
But it is also estimated that the line of march w T as 50 miles long. 
Hence at the time of Caesar's return, the van of the enemy was well 
into the ^Eduan country beyond the river, at least to Chalons. In 
the next chapter, he says three-fourths were already beyond the river. 

The -3£dui : Why these people were especially despoiled, and with 
what confidence they could send appeals to Caesar, as here related, 
the pupil will readily understand from what has already been given 
in these notes. 

The Ambarri and Allobroges : Caesar speaks of them in terms 
showing that they had been utterly ravaged, since through this region 
the whole multitude had passed. The ^Edui were yet to feel the 
full and complete effect of the onslaught. They were crying out 
more in fear of the coming storm. 

Chapter XII 

de tertia vigilia : From midnight to 3 a.m. (see Vocabulary). 
Tigurini : These were one of the Gallic tribes or districts, whom 



Il6 THE BEGINNER'S CALSAR 

the Cimbri persuaded to join in the invasion of Italy. They assisted 
in the defeat of the consular army of Junius Silanus in 109 B.C. and 
of that of Cassius in 107 B.C. Hence Caesar's exultation that fate 
had reserved for him the vengeance. 

This thought turns us to the question of Caesar's religious creed. 
Froude says in his admirable chapter on Caesar, the man: "He 
found no reason for supposing that there was a life beyond the 
grave. He respected the religion of the Roman State as an institu- 
tion established by the laws. His own writings contain nothing to 
indicate (prove ?) that he himself had any religious belief at all." 
Another writer has said : " A disbeliever in the superstitions of his 
day, he yet seems to acknowledge the presence of a controlling 
power." 

Chapter XIII 

pontem in Arare : This was, of course, a bridge of boats, called a 
" pontoon," probably constructed of the vessels which were bringing 
food up the river, as stated in chapter 16. 

diebus viginti : This shows us how long the Helvetii were cross- 
ing the river. 

Divico : As Caesar says, he had been a leader of the Helvetii in 
the Cimbri invasion, when Cassius was defeated, 107 B.C. The year 
was now 58 B.C., making the event 49 years before. Thus was Di- 
vico an old man, and probably the oldest among them in military 
experience. This was probably the reason why he was chosen envoy 
on this occasion. 

In the choice of this man, who must have awakened in any pa- 
triotic Roman the most bitter and revengeful thoughts, some writers 
have questioned both the wisdom and the motive of the Helvetians. 
If they hoped or cared for amnesty, it was certainly unwise if not 
indelicate to offer overtures through a man so identified with the 
offences of the past. Rather is the question of motive probable. 
We can understand how Caesar's sudden appearance with an army 
of six legions, or 25,000 disciplined men, whereas when last seen he 
had only one, momentarily startled the enemy into this conference, 
but still, mingling with and overtopping their anxiety, were a certain 
disregard and contempt of a foe so inferior in numbers. It were 



NOTES 117 

well, they thought, to remind the Roman leader in their rear, that 
the Helvetii had done something in the past and were not to be de- 
spised in the present. 

The truth of the above analysis seems to be confirmed by two or 
three facts : In the conference, they themselves dictated terms of 
settlement, and when these were displaced by Caesar's own, they 
broke off the negotiations and continued on their way, as though 
nothing had happened. Again, when Caesar temporarily changed his 
tactics, as mentioned in chapter 23, the enemy readily construed 
it as due to fear. 

Hence we see that Divico may have been purposely selected to 
offend and taunt the Romans, possibly even to frighten them from 
further pursuit. Unfortunately for them, Caesar was their Nemesis. 



Chapter XIV 

Caesar's reply : Let the pupils take advantage of this opportunity 
to study Caesar as an orator. It is advised that the student write 
this speech to Divico in the most eloquent and forcible English that 
he can command. 

Caesar was not merely a great general. As Chateaubriand once 
declared, he is the most complete man of all history ; his genius was 
transcendent in three respects — in statecraft, in war, and in litera- 
ture and eloquence. 

Plutarch says that he had happy talents from nature for a public 
speaker, and as he did not lack ambition to cultivate them, he was 
undoubtedly the second orator in Rome. But he never rose to that 
pitch of eloquence to which his powers might have carried him, being 
rather engaged in those wars and political intrigues which at last 
gained him the empire. 

The eloquence he showed at Rome, in his earlier career, in the 
prosecution of certain cases of impeachment, won him a considerable 
interest, and his engaging address and conversation gained the hearts 
of his people. 

Caesar supplemented his native oratorical talent by a course of 
training at Rhodes, under the most skillful teacher of rhetoric and 
oratory of his time, Apollonius Molon. 



I l8 THE BEGINNER'S CA^ISAR 

Cicero, who often heard him, said that there was a pregnancy in 
his sentences and a dignity in his manner which no orator in Rome 
could approach. He surpassed those w T ho had practiced no other 
art. 

Quintilian says that he spoke with the same spirit with which he 
fought, and by application would have equalled Cicero. 

Caesar as a writer : While this thought of Caesar as an orator is 
in our minds, it may be well to add a few words to complete the 
general topic of Caesar as a man of letters. Only a small part of his 
writings is extant, their loss being perhaps assignable to the bigotry 
of the time succeeding Augustus, when the law of majestas was 
revived and extended to include defamatory writing, and there may 
have been much in Caesar's works offensive to a narrow imperialism 
like that of Tiberius. Among these lost works may be mentioned 
the Anti-CatOy written in reply to the eulogy which Cicero published 
on the death of that zealous and conservative censor. There is 
much to be admired in Cato's honor and integrity and stern insistence 
upon the preservation of the old time virtue. He is the Cato of 
whom Portia boasts of being fathered. He sided with Pompey in 
the Civil War, and hence w r as an enemy to Caesar. It is to be 
greatly regretted that Caesar's reply is lost. 

Besides this, he wrote treatises on philosophy, language, natural 
science, and augury. Nor did he disdain verse. He wrote a Latin 
grammar to amuse himself as he led an army over the Alps. He 
even wrote a book on the motion of the stars. 

His surviving works are seven Books of the Gallic War, and three 
on the Civil War, and a few fragments on other subjects. 

His style is a recognized model of unadorned narration, pure, 
graceful, easy. Even in his story of the Civil War, of which he was 
by far the largest part, there is not the slightest trace of strutting or 
boasting, no straining for effect, no malice, bitterness, or invective, 
naught but the simple yet eloquent story, told with his usual strong 
but subdued emotion. 

Of this trait Cicero speaks in his masterly way : " . . . Nudi omni 
ornatu orationis, tanquam veste detracta — " bare of all adornment, 
like an undraped human form." 

We are reminded of Scott's headlong speed, when Hirtius tells us, 



NOTES 119 

in speaking of the Gallic Commentaries, " While others know how 
faultlessly they are written, I know with what ease and rapidity he 
dashed them off." 

Chapter XV 

castra movent : " They break camp." 

The Roman Camp : This was the solace of the Roman soldier, an 
ever present help in time of trouble. To-day, in the reverses of 
battle, an army is exposed to all the dangers of a disorderly retreat, 
only to be more widely and hopelessly scattered, as it withdraws ; in 
the days of Rome, however, the army frequently retired before its 
advancing foe into the shelter of its camp, — solis occasu suas copias 
in castra reduxit, — being one of the stereotype phrases, soon familiar 
to every reader. 

To enable the student to understand the many references in Caesar 
to the Roman camp, the following brief account is given : — 

A Roman army never halted for the night without entrenching 
itself. As the day's march approached its close, being usually about 
noon, the army having marched from about four or five a.m., a de- 
tachment of centurions, scouts, and surveyors was sent ahead to 
select a spot for encampment, and stake out the camp. In Book II, 
chapter 17, we read : exploratores centurionesque firaemittit, qui locum 
idoneum castris deligant. 

Thus, the outlines of the camp having been already marked out 
with great accuracy, no time was lost after the arrival of the army ; 
laying aside all instruments of war, the soldiers began to dig a ditch 
or moat [fossa), about nine feet wide and six feet deep. With this 
earth they built also a wall [vallum), usually about six feet above 
the level of the ground, and six or eight feet broad on the top, to 
enable standing-room for the soldiers in event of an assault on the 
camp. To strengthen the defenses, branches of trees, stakes, and 
even logs were imbedded and the sides covered with sods, and along 
the outer edge of the top was a line of green stakes driven into the 
ground, and the branches intertwined, rising four or five feet above 
the top, and forming a breastwork. For a cross-section view of this 
complete structure, see cut on page 44. 

A favorite site for a camp was the slope of a hill [sub colle, sub 



120 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

monte), with wood, water, and grass in abundance near by. In Book 
II, chapter 18, Caesar describes the natural features of the location 
of a certain camp. 

In form, the camp was either square or rectangular, as nearly as 
the situation would allow. Let the pupil draw the plan from the fol- 
lowing description. See also the camp-plan in any book of antiquities. 

On each side was a gateway. From the porta praetoria, facing 
the enemy, to the rear gate, porta decumana, ran a road or " street," 
fifty feet wide. Likewise, the gates on the right and left were joined 
by a still wider road, called the via principalis, thus dividing the 
camp into two unequal parts. The larger part was assigned to the 
legionaries, and was itself cut by the via quintana. The smaller 
part was chiefly the headquarters of the general and his staff (legati, 
quaestores, and tribuni). Between the rampart or wall {vallum) and 
the tents was a space, 200 feet wide, reaching around the camp. 
This was to prevent the enemy from firing the tents, and also to give 
room for deploying the troops. 

Great precautions were taken day or night to guard against sur- 
prise. One or two cohorts were in statione before each gate, and a 
squadron (turma) of horse patrolled the camp. Another cohort 
guarded the quarters of the general and quaestor. At night, the 
guard was divided into four reliefs to correspond with the divisions 
of the night (vigiliae). The three reliefs not on duty slept on their 
arms, ready for action. 

The Cavalry : Caesar here mentions for the first time the cavalry. 
It is said he had no horsemen when he came into Gaul, but he com- 
menced at once and raised a force of about 4000, as stated, from the 
Province and especially from the iEdui and their client tribes. 
Others say that there was always a regular contingent of cavalry in 
every legion, mercenary troops from Spain and Germany, as well as 
from Gaul. These contingent forces of cavalry, however, are rarely 
mentioned, Caesar's pride being in his own Roman legionaries. 
Whatever the fact may be concerning the existence at Caesar's time 
of a regular cavalry, it is certain that temporary levies were made 
from Gallic states subject or favorable to Rome. These probably 
disbanded on the approach of winter, appearing again in the spring. 

Thus, the cavalry is to be regarded as of two kinds : one forming 



NOTES 121 

a regular part of the legion, hence often called legionarii equites, the 
other being a distinct body, and usually retaining its native dress and 
equipment and manner of fighting. Both were completely foreign. 

The cavalry was divided into regiments (alae) of about 300 men 
each; these again divided into ten squadrons {turmae) of thirty men; 
and these again into three decuries (decuriae) of ten men each, in 
charge of decurions (chapter 23). The chief officer of an ala was 
called praefectus equitum, being usually a Roman, sometimes a native, 
as in chapter 18, where Dumnorix is mentioned as being in com- 
mand of the ^Eduan cavalry. 

Caesar placed little dependence upon his cavalry, using them rather 
for scouting purposes, and to harass an enemy's line of march. In 
actual conflict they proved unstable, as shown in chapters 15 and 24. 
Their presence, too, gave a show of numbers. 

de nostris : This is pointed out as being the beginning of those 
changes, chiefly declensional, which have produced the modern 
Romance tongues of Italy, France, and Spain. 

suos a proelio continebat : They were now moving down along 
the west bank of the Saone, toward Chalons. The region here is 
very broken, and so did not give Caesar the wished for opportunity 
to fight. This may account for his delay to attack. 



Chapter XVI 

propter frigora : " On account of the frosts." 

It was now at least the middle of June, and the region was south 
of the central part of France. This leads us to believe that the 
climate of sunny France has changed since Caesar's day. This 
change may have come from cutting down the extensive forests, and 
draining the marshes, which Caesar often mentions. 

frumenta : In the plural, this means " standing grain." 

pabuli : green fodder. Why was there not much for Caesar? 

ab Arare : The Helvetii had left the river, making westerly into 
the valley of the Loire. 

frumentum militibus metiri : The regular food was coarse flour, 
or unground wheat or barley, which the soldier himself must grind. 
Every fifteen days he received two modii, or pecks. Each day he 



122 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

ground about two pounds and boiled it into a thick paste, or made 
a kind of unleavened bread. Any other food or delicacy had to be 
obtained by foraging, or bought of the merchants (mereatores), who 
always followed the army in large numbers. 

vergobretus : The real title in the Celtic language was guerg breth, 
" executor of judgment." Caesar latinizes the word into vergobretus. 

(Aeduorum) precibus abductus : In chapter n, Caesar told us 
that the iEdui sent envoys to ask aid of him against the Helvetii. 

Chapter XVII 

esse nonnullos : Review the Notes of chapter 3. 

The principes were not necessarily the same men as the tnagis- 
tratus. 

praestare . . . erepturi : These were the favorite arguments of the 
national party. (See Notes to chapter 9.) 

" Among the iEdui, too, there were fiery spirits who cherished the 
old traditions, and saw in the Roman alliance a prelude to annexa- 
tion." 

tacuisse : This shows how strong the anti-Roman feeling had 
become, even among the people hitherto most loyal to Rome. 

Chapter XVIII 

Dumnorix: Read again the text of chapters 3 and 9. 

What was the conspiracy of Orgetorix ? 

dimittit, retinet : The omission of the conjunction is called asyn- 
deton. What is polysyndeton ? (See Notes of chapter 5.) 

rerum novarum : Usual expression for a political revolution. 
The frequency of such uprisings and changes among semi-barbarian 
people may be easily understood. The world has not yet outgrown 
them. Recent South American history is replete with fit examples. 
Likewise, in the late overthrow of the Obrenovitch dynasty in Servia, 
consummated by the murder of the king and queen and their ad- 
herents, and the immediate establishment of a liberal constitutional 
government, the student finds a striking similarity to the violent coup 
d'etats of old. 



NOTES 123 

Farming the revenues 

portoria : These were duties or customs collected on imports and 
exports on the frontier, and on goods passing through the country, 
whether by land or water. Sometimes these tolls were levied by 
blackmail, i.e. by force, threats, or intimidation. The ^Edui were es- 
pecially well situated for the collection of large revenues, since by 
bridge tolls they controlled a considerable part of the Saone, which 
was the main water route into central Gaul from Marseilles. 

After the Roman fashion, these revenues were " farmed out," that 
is, the privilege of collecting them was sold at auction. The buyer 
then made all collections, and kept for himself as profit all money re- 
maining over the price which he bid and paid to the State. Often 
the successful bidder would sublet certain districts to various individ- 
uals, these underlings being the " publicans " mentioned in the New 
Testament. 

ex Helvetiis uxorem: Who was the wife of Dumnorix? (See 
chapter 3.) 

sororem ex matre : " A half sister, on his mother's side." 

Divitiacus : He had long been a personal friend of Caesar. He 
had been in Rome several times before Caesar came to Gaul. It was 
he who went in person to notify the Roman Senate of the inroads of 
the Germans in B.C. 63, and again of the proposed exodus of the Hel- 
vetii. Hence the deference and affection which Caesar shows him in 
chapter 19. 

si quid accidat Romanis : This softened expression of a harsh 
thought is called euphemism. Translate : " in case of any disaster to 
the Romans." 

proelium equestre adversum : The unsuccessful cavalry skirmish, 
mentioned in chapter 15, is thus explained as due to the treachery 
of Dumnorix. Review topic Cavalry in Notes to chapter 15. 

Chapter XIX 

iniusso suo et civitatis : suo refers to Caesar ; civitatis means the 
iEdui. 

inscientibus ipsis : if sis refers to both Caesar and the ^Edui. 

a magistratu Aeduorum : To whom does this refer? What was 



124 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

his official title, in both Celtic and Latin ? What was his authority ? 
(See Notes and text of chapter 15.) 

animadverto : What is the literal meaning of this word ? What 
is its inferred meaning ? What is such studied toning of harsh thought 
called ? 

Studium . . . temperantiam : Notice the omission of conjunc- 
tions. What is this frequent omission in Caesar called ? 

eius : i.e. of Dumnorix. 

interpretibus : Why were interpreters necessary in the Roman 
army in Gaul ? 

Did Divitiacus understand Latin ? 

Procillus : This man was a cultured Gaul, an intimate friend and 
important character in Caesar's chronicle. In Book I, chapter 47, 
Caesar speaks highly of his birth, character, and linguistic attain- 
ments. 

principem : One enjoying a firincipatum, i.e., "a leading and in- 
fluential man." (See Notes to chapter 3.) 

ipso and eius: These both refer to Divitiacus. In chapter 16, 
the student will remember that Divitiacus is mentioned as being 
summoned to the meeting. 

eo : To whom does this refer ? 

causa cognita : Let the student be always careful in the trans- 
lation of the ablative absolute. Never render it literally. Never 
sacrifice one's own tongue to any foreign idiom. Render this : 
" after trying the case." 



Chapter XX 

Find an example of euphemism in this chapter. Let the pupil 
compare carefully the direct and the indirect discourse of the speech of 
Divitiacus, and be prepared to convert the one into the other at 
dictation in class. 

ipse, se, suam, sese : All these refer to Divitiacus, the speaker. 

ille : This refers to the one remote, i.e. to the one spoken of, 
Dumnorix. 

condonare : What is the literal meaning of this word? The 
literal meaning accounts for its double object. 



NOTES 125 

Dumnorix : What was his fate ? (See Vocabulary.) Give in review 
an account of him, as given by Caesar. 

Chapter XXI 
Officers of a Roman army 

1. Dux belli: Before entering upon the duties of his new office, 
the commander in chief took the vows in the Capitol, and assumed 
the paludamentum, or cloak of scarlet wool, gold-embroidered, as 
token of his imperium mililare. His title was dux belli, but after 
his first victory he received, from his soldiers, the courteous appella- 
tion of imperator. 

Usually he was narrowly restricted by the Senate, subject to its 
whims, but Caesar in Gaul was autocratic. He could increase his 
forces at will, and make war or peace without consulting the Senate. 

2. Legati : These were lieutenant-generals of the dux belli, appointed 
by the Senate, and usually three in number. Caesar had ten in 
Gaul. They were entirely subject to their commander, having been 
chosen on his nomination. Caesar usually placed them in command 
of a legion each, and in his absence he conferred upon them the im- 
ferium, the lieutenant then being called legatus pro praetor e. 

3. Quaestor : The quaestor, or quartermaster, was elected by the 
people annually to accompany the army and attend to the financial 
affairs. He took charge of the military treasure-chest, and super- 
vised the supplies and equipment of the soldiers. He also rated and 
disposed of the booty. 

Each dux belli had a quaestor. 

4. Tribuni militum : Until displaced by the legati, these, six to 
each legion, held rank next to the commander. In earlier times they 
led the legion in turn, but in Caesar's army we find them outranked 
by the legati, and reduced to subordinate services. This was a most 
beneficent reform, for these tribuni were of the equestrian rank, or 
order of knights, and had been appointed through family influence, 
and not because of military skill. This change awakened no animo- 
sity on the part of these deposed favorites of fortune, for Caesar used 
his customary tact, and to them were given functions more genteel ; 
for, instead of leading rough men to the fray, they hereafter were to 
sit in councils of war and preside at courts-martial. 



126 THE BEGINNER'S CsESAR 

5. Centuriones : These were the real leaders of the soldiers. 
Their position was like that of captain, sergeant, and corporal com- 
bined. They were of humble birth, and promoted solely because of 
fighting qualities. They were the pride and envy of the common 
soldier ; their office, the goal of his ambition. 

6. Below the centurions and above the common soldier, or " pri- 
vate," were privileged classes ; as veterans, reenlisted men, orderlies, 
standard bearers, musicians, etc. 

exploratoribus : Soldiers, sent out for scouting purposes, were 
called speculatores, if alone ; if in parties, exploraiores. 

sub monte : This was Mt. Tauff rin, in the Cote d'or ridge. 

vigilia : About what hour was it? (See Vocabulary.) 

pro-praetore : The governor of a province was usually called 
praetor or pro-praetor. He was supreme in military and civil 
authority. In case of a critical state of war in any province, a consul 
was sent as governor of the province, with the title pro-consul. Such 
in name was Caesar in Gaul. But he was practically praetor of Gaul, 
i.e. governor of Gaul. In as much as the praetor was supreme in 
military affairs, the word praetor means "commanding general," as 
well as governor. Caesar uses the word in this sense in the text. 
Labienus was sent on this mission, like an envoy plenipotentiary, 
with full authority of a commanding general. 

quid sui consilii sit : His plan may be inferred from the errand of 
the scouts. What was this errand? Caesar planned a flank move- 
ment, that is, to pass around to the rear, and occupy the heights 
above the enemy, who lay encamped at the base. 

equitatum : What does Caesar do with his cavalry in this instance ? 
Understand that this was their usual position in the line of march. 
Describe the source, use, and organization of the cavalry. (See 
Notes to chapter 15.) 

de quarta vigilia : The fourth watch had begun when Caesar 
commenced his march. As the night watch began at sunset and 
continued until sunrise, and as the night was divided into four 
watches, the student must know the season of year to determine 
the exact hours of any given watch. Estimating the number of 
night hours, and dividing by four, we obtain the length of a watch, 
from which the time of any watch is easily determined. For exam- 



NOTES 127 

pie : It was about the first of July, the sun setting at 7.29 and rising 
at 4.38. If Caesar started about the beginning of the fourth watch, 
what was the approximate hour of the night ? (Answer : About 
2 A. M.) Using the almanac, let the teacher give like examples. 

The fact that it lacked yet about two and one-half hours of dawn 
explains how Caesar could hope to gain his vantage-ground unseen. 
It also helps to excuse the blunder of Considius mentioned in the 
next chapter. 

Considius: What had been his military experience ? Answer: He 
had been in active service under two of the most successful generals, 
in several of the greatest wars waged by Rome, the Mithridatic and 
the Servile. 

Chapter XXII 

prima luce : At what hour ? 

mons : What mountain ? 

ipse : Caesar. How far had he marched since two o'clock ? 

captivis : W T hat officer had charge of booty ? 

A Gallicis armis : "from," an unusual meaning, since it contains 
the idea of means, which does not admit the preposition. 

What was Caesar's probable inference, from the report of his 
scouts, as to Labienus ? 

Labienus : Was he really, or only nominally, praetor, as he stood 
there on the summit at dawn, watching in vain for Caesar? Why? 

intervallo : At what distance did Caesar follow the enemy? (See 
chapter 15.) 

Chapter XXIII 

frumentum : Describe the food of the Roman soldier as to kind, 
quantity, mode of preparation, and apportionment. What officer dis- 
bursed supplies? How might the soldier obtain delicacies? (See 
Notes to chapter 16.) 

Bibracte : Now identified with Mont Beuvray, a considerable 
elevation of about 3,000 feet, in the highlands of Nivernais, about 
ten miles west of Autun. Scholars formerly placed Bibracte on the 
site of Autun, but this opinion was changed as a result of the inves- 
tigations of Napoleon III of France in 1865, as already mentioned in 



128 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

these Notes. He showed that the Gauls usually chose for their 
towns places difficult of access, either on rugged elevations, or in 
the midst of extensive marshes, which were so abundant in France 
in those days. In Book III, Caesar gives an elaborate account of 
the sites of the towns of the Veneti, on the west coast, and how 
difficult it was for him to reach them. Napoleon traced several 
ancient roads leading to the summit of Mont Beuvray, and on exca- 
vation found there the remains of foundations of Gallic walls and 
towers. 

decurionis : What was his command in the army ? (See Notes to 
chapter 15.) 

superioribus locis : What is the allusion ? 

Chapter XXIV 

The battle 

The place : Colonel Stoff el, in his Histoire de Jules Cesar, says 
the field of battle was near the village of Montmort, southeast of 
Mont Beuvray, and three miles northwest of Toulon. 

in prox. collem : Caesar could have hoped for no more fortunate 
turn of affairs. He was now put on the defensive, and could choose 
his own position. What do you notice concerning the usual situa- 
tion of the battle lines ? In this battle, where did he station his 
veteran legions ? His newly enrolled legions ? His foreign allies ? 
His baggage ? His camp ? 

Describe the form and defenses of a Roman camp. Name one 
particular purpose of a Roman camp, which in modern warfare it 
does not serve. (See Notes to chapter 15.) 

The legion 

legiones : All legionary soldiers were milites gravis a7'maturae, 
" soldiers with heavy armor." 

The number of men in a legion is variously estimated from 3,000 
to 5,000. This contrariety is probably due to the fact that the dead 
and disabled were not replaced ; so the older the legion in service, 
the smaller it became. Instead of recruits in a veteran legion, new 
legions were enrolled. In Caesar's legions in Gaul, it is generally 



NOTES 129 

agreed with Riistow that each contained 3,600 men. Each legion 
contained ten cohorts of 360 men each, each cohort three maniples 
of 120 each, each maniple two centuries of sixty each. In legions 
thus reduced in number below the normal, the century was often 
called ordo. 

The triple for matio7i 

On the field of battle, the cohorts were drawn up in triplex acies. 
The men of each cohort stood ten deep, and each cohort in a line 
stood 120 feet apart. The veteran cohorts stood in front, and the 
best troops were in the first cohort. The following diagram will 
show the arrangement of a legion in triplex acies, so often mentioned 
by Caesar: 

4 3 2 l 

765 
10 9 8 

Auxilia : The auxiliaries were milites levis armaturae, " soldiers in 
light armor." These were slingers, who hurled stones or lead bullets, 
the archers or bowmen, and the cavalry. 

sarcinas : The personal baggage of the legionary. On the march 
he carried his own food supply, cooking utensils, blanket, and one or 
two rampart stakes. This luggage was done up in a bundle and 
suspended from a forked pole, which he carried over his shoulder. 
The pole was forked, like a crutch, and served much the same pur- 
pose to a weary soldier, standing at rest. Marius devised this, and 
hence the phrase, the " mules of Marius." The entire weight of this 
individual luggage, or sarcinae, was often fully sixty pounds. 

phalange : This was a common Gallic form of charge or defense. 
The infantry was arranged in close masses, like the old Greek 
phalanx, with their heavy shields overlapping, forming a complete 
obstruction to the opposing javelins. The test of this arrangement 
was in the first furious onslaught, which often swept everything be- 
fore it. If the first charge failed, the rest of the fight was at a woful 
disadvantage to the crowded Gauls. Sometimes, as Caesar relates in 
the next chapter, the heavy javelins of the Romans penetrated the 
overlapping shields, thus binding them firmly together and imprisoning 
the wiggling, stifling mass beneath. 



13° THE BEGINNER'S CsESAR 



Chapter XXV 

SUO equo : Plutarch says : " When he had drawn his forces up, as 
described, his horse was brought to him. Upon which he said, 
1 When I have won the battle, I shall want my horse for the pursuit ; 
at present let us march, as we are, against the enemy.' " 

Again, at the battle of Munda, Caesar ordered his horse taken to 
the rear. May one reason for this have been his solicitude for his 
horse ? (See Notes to chapter 7.) Was he a skillful rider? 

Answer : " He was a good horseman, and brought that exercise to 
such perfection by practice that he could sit a horse at full speed, 
with his hands behind him." — Plutarch. 

scutis : The Gallic shield was rectangular, sometimes oval, four 
feet long, two and one half feet wide. 

capto monte: "When the mountain was reached," i.e., by the 
enemy. 

latere aperto : " on the exposed flank." As the shield was carried 
on the left arm, which side would be the "exposed flank " ? 

Boii et Tulingi : Semi-Germanic tribes. Explain how they came 
to be in the migration (chapter 5). They had been in the van of the 
line of march thus far ; show how they were now in the rear. 

COnversa signa : This refers only to the third battle line. What 
cohorts ? What cohorts were engaged with the main body of the 
Helvetii ? (See diagram in Notes to chapter 24.) 

Venientes : Who were these ? 



Chapter XXVI 

diu atque acriter : It cost him a long and severe conflict to drive 
their army out of the field. The fight lasted from noon till night. 
The barbarians fought gallantly, and in numbers were enormously 
superior. Plutarch says there were 190,000 fighting men among them, 
while Caesar's army did not exceed 25,000. " But the contest was 
between sturdy discipline and wild valor; and it concluded as such 
contests always must." 

ancipiti proelio : That is, on two fronts. Explain this. 

alteri ; alteri : The Helvetii ; the Boii and Tulingi. 



NOTES I3 1 

carros : About how many carts are estimated to have been in the 
migration ? 

hora septima : " The seventh hour." What o'clock was it ? 
(Answer : The hora was the unit of daylight. The time from sun- 
rise to sunset was divided into twelve equal parts, or horae. The 
length of an hora, then, varied with the season from about 45 minutes 
to one hour and a quarter. At this particular season, the sun rose 
about 5 and set at 7. How many hours of daylight ? Answer 14. 
How many minutes in each hora ? Answer 70. Then what o'clock 
was it when the battle began ? Answer 1 p. m.) Let the pupil 
show the solution of this problem. Let the teacher give others like it. 

pro vallo carros : This was the usual fortification of a Gallic 
camp. How does this compare with the Roman ? 

carros rotasque : Some MSS. have reddsque, the rcda being a four- 
wheeled wagon. However, the frequency with which hendiadys oc- 
curs renders the first reading probable. (See Rule of Syntax, 97.) 

Orgetorigis filia : With whom was she in camp ? 

fines Lingonum : This region lies north of Mont Beuvray ; it is 
now called Champagne. Scholars have sometimes located the end 
of the flight of the Helvetii at Langres, about ninety miles from 
Mont Beuvray, but Napoleon ^makes it at Tonnerre, sixty miles west 
of Langres. 

The survivors : " Half of the fighting men of the Swiss were 
killed ; their camp was stormed ; the survivors, with the remnant of 
the women and children (a little more than a third remained of those 
who had left Switzerland), struggled on to Langres, where they sur- 
rendered." — Froude. 

sepulturum occisorum : The burial of the dead was a most sacred 
duty. The Romans believed that the spirit of the unburied roamed 
aimlessly on the banks of the Styx, unable to gain entrance to the 
land of rest. 

The long delay here shows that Caesar's army had likewise suffered 
sorely. 

Chapter XXVII 

quo turn essent : Where were the Helvetii at this time ? 
Verbigenus : How many cantons composed the state of Helvetia ? 
Name two. 



I3 2 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

This district lay between modern Berne and Lucerne. 
multitudine dediticiorum : What was the number of prisoners 
of war ? (See text of chapter 26.) 

Chapter XXVIII 

in hostium numero : Euphemistic for slaughtering or selling into 
slavery. 

ipsos : The Helvetii and their associates. 

oppida vicosque : Whose towns and villages ? How many of each ? 
(See chapter 5.) What is the difference between oppidum and 
vicus ? 

maxime ratione: "chiefly for this reason," as explained in the 
quod clause following. Only about 100,000 people returned to their 
mountain home in Helvetia, where 300,000 had been before, and 
where 3,000,000 are to-day. Even these 100,000 were in large part 
broken-hearted women and children, a petty restraint to a horde of 
Germans. But this little colony, whom Caesar could now rely upon 
to remain quiet and contented at home for another fifty years, was 
better on that treacherous frontier than no colony at all. And yet, 
history does show us that little by little the Germans did creep into 
that region, and were ready to issue into Gaul and Italy in concert 
with the entire Teutonic north, to wrest from Rome her possessions, 
carry pillage through her very streets, and leave the Western Roman 
Empire but a shadow of being. 

As to the history of the Helvetii after their melancholy return, 
there is reason to believe they never recovered. Caesar speaks of 
them again in the battle of Alesia, about six years later (b.c. 52), 
when they sent 8,000 troops. It is probable they were assimilated 
into the German tribes, which settled slowly in Helvetia. To-day, 
Switzerland is largely Germanic. 

Boios . . . concessit : The more usual order would be Aeduis 
petentibus, ut Boios infinibus suis collocarent, quod Boii egregia virtute 
cogniti erant, Cczsar id concessit. 

Virtute (Boiorum) : What had the Boii done of remarkable cour- 
age ? 

petentibus Aeduis : Why did the iEdui want these brave allies ? 
See Notes to chapter 9, as to the political situation. 



NOTES 



133 



Chapter XXIX 

tabulae : These lists were written on the usual " writing-tablets," 
which were thin, small boards, hinged at the back, so as to fold and 
protect the sides, covered with wax. Upon this wax, the impressions 
were made with an instrument called stilus. 

litteris Graecis : " In Greek characters or letters," i.e. using the 
Greek alphabet merely, not the language, since their own language 
had no alphabet. The Gauls learned these letters from the Greek 
colonists at Marseilles, 



/!*& 




Aries 



TABLES 



OF 



DECLENSION AND CONJUGATION. 



NOUNS. 



First Declension. — A-Stems. 





Singular. 


Plural. 


N. 


naut-a, a sailor. 


naut-ae, sailors. 


G. 


naut-ae, of a sailor. 


naut-arum, of sailors. 


D. 


naut-ae, to ox for a sailor. 


naut-is, to or for sailors. 


A. 


naut-am, a sailor. 


naut-as, sailors. 


V. 


naut-a, sailor. 


naut-ae, sailors. 


A. 


naut-a, with, by, from a 


naut-Ts, with, by, from 




sailor. 


sailors. 




Second Declension.— O-S terns. 




Singular. Plural. 


Singular. Plural. 


N. 


serv-us serv-i 


oppid-um oppid-a 


G. 


serv-I serv-orum 


oppid-i oppid-orum 


D. 


serv-6 serv-is 


oppid-6 oppid-is 


A. 


serv-um serv-6s 


oppid-um oppid-a 


V. 


serv-e serv-i 


oppid-um oppid-a 


A. 


serv-o serv-Is 


oppid-6 oppid-is 



J35 



136 



THE BEGINNER'S CJESAR 



Sing. Plu. 

N. puer puer-I 

G. puer-I puer-oru 

D. puer-6 puer-is 

A. puer-um puer-6s 

V. puer puer-I 

A. puer-6 puer-is 



Sing. 



Plu. 



Sing. 



Plu. 



ager 


agr-i 


vir 


vir-i 


agr-I 


agr-orum 


vir-I 


vir-6 rum 


agr-6 


agr-is 


vir-6 


vir-Is 


agr-um 


agr-6s 


vir-um 


vir-6s 


ager 


agr-I 


vir 


vir-I 


agr-6 


agr-is 


vir-6 


vir-Is 



Third Declension. 



Liquid Stems. 



N. 
G. 
D. 
A. 
V. 
A. 

N. 
G. 
D. 
A. 
V. 
A. 



Singular. 

homo 

homin-is 

homin-I 

homin-em 

homo 

homin-e 

consul 

consul-is 

consul-I 

consul-em 

consul 

consul-e 



N. tempus 

G. tempor-is 

D. tempor-i 

A. tempus 

V. tempus 

A. tempor-e 



Plural. 

homin-es 

homin-um 

homin-ibus 

homin-es 

homin-es 

homin-ibus 

consul-es 

consul-um 

consul-ibus 

consul-es 

consul-es 

consul-ibus 

tempor-a 

tempor-um 

tempor-ibus 

tempor-a 

tempor-a 

tempor-ibus 



Singular. 

frater 

fratr-is 

fratr-I 

fratr-em 

frater 

fratr-e 

scriptor 

scriptor-is 

scriptor-I 

scriptor-em 

scriptor 

scriptor-e 

flumen 

flumin-is 

flumin-I 

flumen 

flumen 

flumin-e 



Plural. 

fratr-es 

fratr-um 

fratr-ibus 

fratr-es 

fratr-es 

fratr-ibus 

scriptor-es 

scriptor-um 

scriptor-ibus 

scriptor-es 

scriptor-es 

scriptor-ibus 

fiumin-a 

flumin-um 

flumin-ibus 

flumin-a 

flumin-a 

flumin-ibus 



TABLES OF DECLENSION 



137 



Mute Stems. 



Singular. 

N. virtus 
virtut-is 

virtut-I 
virtut-em 
virtus 
virtut-e 



G. 
D. 
A. 
V. 
A. 



N. 
G. 
D. 
A. 
V. 
A. 

N. 
G. 
D. 
A. 
V. 
A. 



dux 

due-is 

duc-I 

duc-em 

dux 

duc-e 

princep-s 

princip-is 

prlncip-i 

prlncip-em 

princep-s 

princip-e 



Plural. 

virtut-es 

virtut-um 

virtut-ibus 

virtut-es 

virtut-es 

virtut-ibus 

duc-es 

duc-um 

duc-ibus 

duc-es 

duc-es 

duc-ibus 

princip-es 

princip-um 

princip-ibus 

princip-es 

princip-es 

princip-ibus 



Singular. 

hiems 

hiem-is 

hiem-I 

hiem-em 

hiems 

hiem-e 

rex 

reg-is 

reg-i 

reg-em 

rex 

reg-e 

pes 

ped-is 

ped-I 

ped-em 

pes 

ped-e 



Plural. 

hiem-es 

hiem-um 

hiem-ibus 

hiem-es 

hiem-es 

hiem-ibus 

reg-e s 

reg-um 

reg-ibus 

reg-es 

reg-es 

reg-ibus 

ped-es 

ped-um 

ped-ibus 

ped-es 

ped-es 

ped-ibus 



Stems in i. 



N. 
G. 
D. 
A. 
V. 
A. 



Singular. 

civ-is 

civ-is 

civ-i 

civ-em 

civ-is 

civ-e 



Plural. 

clv-es 

civ-ium 

civ-ibus 

clv-es, -is 

clv-es 

civ-ibus 



Singular. 

host-is 

host-is 

host-I 

host-em 

host-is 

host-e 



Plural. 

host-es 

host-ium 

host-ibus 

host-es, -Is 

host-es 

host-ibus 



138 



THE BEGINNER'S CAZSAR 





Singular. 


Plural. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


N. 


nox 


noct-es 


animal 


animal-ia 


G. 


noct-is 


noct-ium 


animal-is 


animal-ium 


D. 


noct-i 


noct-ibus 


animal-i 


animal-ibus 


A. 


noct-em 


noct-es, -is 


animal 


animal-ia 


V. 


nox 


noct-es 


animal 


animal-ia 


A. 


noct-e 


noct-ibus 


animal-i 


animal-ibus 




Fourth Declension. — U-Stems. 




Singular. 


Plural. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


N. 


fruct-us 


fruct-us 


corn-u 


corn-ua 


G. 


fruct-us 


fruct-uum 


corn-us 


corn-uum 


D. 


fruct-uT, -u 


fruct-ibus 


corn-u 


corn-ibus 


A. 


fruct-um 


fruct-us 


corn-u 


corn-ua 


V. 


fruct-us 


fruct-us 


corn-u 


corn-ua 


A. 


fruct-ii 


fruct-ibus 


corn-u 


corn-ibus 




Fifth Declension. — E-Stems. 




Singular. 


Plural. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


N. 


di-es 


di-es 


r-es 


r-es 


G. 


di-ei 


di-erum 


r-ei 


r-erum 


D. 


di-ei 


di-ebus 


r-ei 


r-ebus 


A. 


di-em 


di-es 


r-em 


r-es 


V. 


di-es 


di-es 


r-es 


r-es 


A. 


di-e 


di-ebus 


r-e 


r-ebus 






Special Paradigms. 






Singular. 


Plural. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


N. 


dom-us 


dom-us 


de-us 


de-I, di-T, di 


G. 


dom-us 


dom-uum, -orum de-I 


de-6rum, de-um 


D. 


dom-ul, -6 


dom-ibus 


de-6 


de-Is, di-Is, d-Is 


A. 


dom-um 


dom-6s, -us 


de-um 


de-6s 


V. 


dom-us 


dom-iis 


de-us 


de-I, di-T, di 


A. 


dom-6, -u 


dom-ibus 


de-6 


de-Is, di-Is, d-is 



TABLES OF DECLENSION 



139 





Singular. 


Plural. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


N. 


sen ex 


sen-es 


iter 


itiner-a 


G. 


sen-is 


sen-um 


itiner-is 


itiner-um 


D. 


sen-i 


sen-ibus 


itiner-I 


itiner-ibus 


A. 


sen-em 


sen-es 


iter 


itiner-a 


V. 


senex 


sen-es 


iter 


itiner-a 


A. 


sen-e 


sen-ibus 


itiner-e 


itiner-ibus 



ADJECTIVES. 



First and Second Declensions, 



N. 
G. 
D. 
A. 
V. 
A. 



Singular. 

M. F. 

bon-a 
bon-ae 



bon-us 

bon-I 

bon-6 



N. 

bon-um 

bon-i 

bon-6 



bon-ae 

bon-um bon-am bon-um 

bon-e bon-a bon-um 

bon-6 bon-a bon-6 



Plural. 

M. F. N. 

bon-I bon-ae bon-a 

bon-orum bon-arum bon-orum 

bon-is bon-Is bon-is 

bon-6s bon-as bon-a 

bon-i bon-ae bon-a 

bon-Is bon-is bon-is 



M. 



N. 


miser 


G. 


miser-i 


D. 


miser-6 


A. 


miser-um 


V. 


miser 


A. 


miser-6 



Singular. 

F. 

miser-a 

miser-ae 

miser-ae 

miser-am 

miser-a 

miser-a 



N. 

miser-um 

miser-i 

miser-6 

miser-um 

miser-um 

miser-6 



140 



THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 







Plural. 








M. 


F. 




N. 


N. 


miser-i 


miser-ae 




miser-a 


G. 


miser-orum 


miser-arum 




miser-orum 


D. 


miser-is 


miser-Is 




miser-Is 


A. 


miser-os 


miser-as 




miser-a 


V. 


miser-i 


miser-ae 




miser-a 


A. 


miser-Is 


miser-Is 
Singular. 




miser-Is 




M. 


F. 


N. 






tot-us 


tot-a 


tot-um 




tot-ius 


tot-ius 


tot-ius 




tot-I 


tot-I 


tot-I 






tot-um 


tot-am 


tot-um 




tot-6 


tot-a 


tot-5 





Possessive, Singular Ownership. 
Singular. Plural. 

meus, -a, -urn, my. mel, -ae, -a 

tuus, -a, -urn, thy, your. tul, -ae, -a 

suus, -a, -urn, his, her, its. sul, -ae, -a 

Possessive, Plural Ownership. 
noster, -tra, -trum, our. nostrl, -ae, -a 

vester, -tra, -trum, your. vestrl, -ae, -a 

suus, -a, -um, their. sul, -ae, -a 

Third Declension. 





Singular. 


Plural. 




M. and F. 


N. 


M. and F. 


N. 


N. 


sapiens 


sapiens 


sapient-es 


sapient-ia 


G. 


sapient-is 


sapient-is 


sapient-ium 


sapient-ium 


D. 


sapient-T 


sapient-I 


sapient-ibus 


sapient-ibus 


A. 


sapient-em 


sapiens 


sapient-es 


sapient-ia 


V. 


sapiens 


sapiens 


sapient-es 


sapient-ia 


A. 


sapient-I 


sapient-I 


sapient-ibus 


sapient-ibus 



TABLES OF DECLENSION 



141 





Si 


NGULAR. 


Plural 






M. and F. 


N. 


M. and F. 


AT. 


N. 


fort-is 


fort-e 


fort-es 


fort-ia 


G. 


fort-is 


fort-is 


fort-ium 


fort-ium 


D. 


fort-I 


fort-I 


fort-ibus 


fort-ibus 


A. 


fort-em 


fort-e 


fort-es 


fort-ia 


V. 


fort-is 


fort-e 


fort-es 


fort-ia 


A. 


fort-I 


fort-I 


fort-ibus 


fort-ibus 



M. 



F. 



N. 



M. 



F. 



N. 



N. 


acer 


acr-is 


acr-e 


acr-es 


acr-es 


acr-ia 


G. 


acr-is 


acr-is 


acr-is 


acr-ium 


acr-ium 


acr-ium 


D. 


acr-i 


acr-i 


acr-i 


acr-ibus 


acr-ibus 


acr-ibus 


A. 


acr-em 


acr-em 


acr-e 


acr-es 


acr-es 


acr-ia 


V. 


acer 


acr-is 


acr-e 


acr-es 


acr-es 


acr-ia 


A. 


acr-I 


acr-i 


acr-i 


acr-ibus 


acr-ibus 


acr-ibus 



Irregular Comparison. 



Positive. 

bonus, -a, -urn, good. 
malus, -a, -um, bad. 
magnus, -a, -urn, great. 
parvus, -a, -um, small. 
multus, -a, -um, much. 
vetus (gen. -eris), old. 

senex (gen. senis), aged. \ 



luvenis, -e, young. 



Comparative. 

melior, -ius 
peior, -ius 
maior, -ius 
minor, -us 

, plus 

vetustior, -ius 
senior \ 
maior natuj 
J iunior 1 

\ minor natu J 



Superlative. 

optimus, -a, -um 
pessimus, -a, -um 
maximus, -a, -um 
minimus, -a, -um 
plurimus, -a, -um 
veterrimus, -a, -1 

maximus natu 
minimus natu 



-um 



142 



THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 



Positive. 
facilis, -e, easy. 
difficilis, -e, difficult. 
similis, -e, like. 
dissimilis, -e, unlike. 
humilis, -e, low. 
gracilis, -e, slender. 

exterus, outward. 

inferus, below. 



Comparative. 
facilior, -ius 
difficilior, -ius 
similior, -ius 
dissimilior, -ius 
humilior, -ius 
gracilior, -ius 

exterior, outer. 

inferior, lower. 



posterus, following. posterior, latter. 



superus, above. 

Preposition. 
cis, citra, on this side. 
in, intra, within. 
prae, pro, before. 

prope (adv.), near. 

ultra (adv.), beyond. 



superior, higher. 

Comparative. 
citerior, hither. 
interior, inner. 
prior, former. 

propior, nearer. 

ulterior, farther. 



Superlative. 
facillimus, -a, -um 
difficillimus, -a, -um 
simillimus, -a, -um 
dissimillimus, -a, -um 
humillimus, -a, -um 
gracillimus, -a, -um 



outmost. 



last. 



extremus 

extimus 

finfimus 1 , 

\ \ lowest. 

I lmus J 

J postremus 

I postumus 

fsupremus j _ 

I summus J 

Superlative. 

citimus, hithermost. 

intimus, inmost. 

primus, first. 

r nearest. 
proximus \ 

[next. 

ultimus, farthest. 



Declension of Comparatives. 



Singular. 



M. and F. 

N. fortior 

G. fortior-is 

D. fortior-I 

A. fortior-em 

V. fortior 

A. fortior-e, -I 



N. 
fortius 
fortior-is 
fortior-I 
fortius 
fortius 
fortior-e* -T 



Plural. 
M.andF. 
fortior-es 
fortior-um 
fortior-ibus 
fortior-es, -is 
fortior-es 
fortior-ibus 



N. 
fortior-a 
fortior-um 
fortior-ibus 
fortior-a 
fortior-a 
fortior-ibus 



TABLES OF DECLENSION 



143 





Singular. 






Plural. 


M. and F. 


N. 


M. and F. N. 


N. 





plus 


plur-es 


plur-a 


G. 





plur-is 


plur-ium plur-ium 


D. 






plur-ibus plur-ibus 


A. 




plus 


plur-es, 


-is plur-a 


A. 





plur-e 


plur-ibus plur-ibus 






Numerals. 








Cardinals. 




1. 


unus, -a, -urn 




28. 


duodetrlginta 


2. 


duo, duae, duo 




29. 


undetnginta 


3- 


tres, tria 




30- 


triginta 


4- 


quattuor 




40. 


quadraginta 


5- 


quinque 




50. 


quinquaginta 


6. 


sex 




60. 


sexaginta 


7- 


septem 




70. 


septuaginta 


8. 


octo 




80. 


octoginta 


9- 


novem 




90. 


nonaginta 


10. 


decern 




100. 


centum 


11. 


undecim 




IOI. 


centum unus 


12. 


duodecim 




200. 


ducentl, -ae, -a 


13- 


tredecim 




300. 


trecenti 


14. 


quattuordecim 




400. 


quadringenti 


15- 


quindecim 




500. 


quingenti 


16. 


sedecim 




600. 


sexcenti 


17- 


septendecim 




700. 


septingenti 


18. 


duodeviginti 




800. 


octingenti 


19. 


undevigintl 




900. 


nongenti 


20. 


vlginti 




1,000. 


mille 


21. 


fviginti unus 




5,000. 


quinque mllia 




Lunus et vlginti 




10,000. 


decern mllia 






100,000. 


centum mllia 



144 



THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 







Ordinals. 




1st 


primus, -a, -um 


17th 


septimus decimus 


2d 


secundus {or alter) 


1 8th 


duodevicesimus 


3d 


tertius 


19th 


undevlcesimus 


4th 


quartus 


20th 


vicesimus 


5 fh 


qulntus 


2ISt 


f vicesimus primus 
lunus et vicesimus 


6th 


sextus 




7th 
8th 


septimus 
octavus 


22d 


f vicesimus secundus 
t alter et vicesimus 


9th 


norms 


29th 


undetrlcesimus 


ioth 


decimus 


30th 


trlcesimus 


nth 


undecimus 


40th 


quadragesimus 


1 2th 


duodecimus 


I ooth 


centesimus 


13th 


tertius decimus 


IOISt 


centesimus primus 


14th 


quartus decimus 


200th 


ducentesimus 


15th 


qulntus decimus 


1 oooth 


millesimus 


16th 


sextus decimus 


2000th 


bis millesimus 



Declension of Numerals. 





M. 


F. 


N. 


M. 


F. 


N. 


N. 


unus 


una 


unum 


duo 


duae 


duo 


G. 


unlus 


unlus unlus 


duorum 


duarum 


duorum 


D. 


uni 


uni 


uni 


duobus 


duabus 


duobus 


A. 


unum 


unam unum 


duos, duo 


duas 


duo 


A. 


uno 


una. 


uno 


duobus 


duabus 


duobus 




M. and F. 




N. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


N. 


tres 




tria 


mille 




mllia 


G. 


trium 




trium 


mille 




milium 


D. 


tribus 




tribus 


mille 




mllibus 


Ao 


tres 




tria 


mille 




mllia 


A. 


tribus 




tribus 


mille 




mllibus 



TABLES OF DECLENSION 



145 









Pronouns. 








First Person. 


Second Person. 


Third ] 


Person. 




SING. 


PLU. 


sing. 


PLU. 


SING. 


PLU. 


N. 


ego 


nos 


tu 


vos 








G. 


mel 


nostrum, 


-trl tui 


vestrum, -tri sui 


sui 


D. 


mihi 


nobis 


tibi 


vobis 


sibi 


sibi 


A. 


me 


nos 


te 


vos 


se, sese 


se, sese 


A. 


me 


nobis 


te 


vobis 


se, sese 


se, sese 








Demonstratives . 










Singular. 






Plural. 






M. 


F. 


N. 


M. 


F. 


N. 


N. 


hie 


haec 


hoc 


hi 


hae 


haec 


G. 


huius 


huius 


huius 


horum 


harum 


horum 


D. 


huTc 


huic 


huic 


his 


his 


his 


A. 


hunc 


hanc 


hoc 


hos 


has 


haec 


A. 


hoc 


hac 


hoc 


his 


his 


his 


N. 


ille 


ilia 


illud 


ill! 


illae 


ilia 


G. 


illius 


illius 


illius 


illorum 


illarum 


illorum 


D. 


ill! 


ill! 


ill! 


illis 


illis 


illis 


A. 


ilium 


illam 


illud 


illos 


illas 


ilia 


A. 


ilia 


ilia. 


illo 


illis 


illis 


illis 


N. 


is 


ea 


id 


el, il 


eae 


ea 


G. 


eius 


eius 


eius 


eorum 


earum 


eorum 


D. 


el 


el 


el 


els, iis 


els, iis 


els, iis 


A. 


eum 


earn 


id 


eos 


eas 


ea 


A. 


eo 


ea 


eo 


els, iis 


els, iis 


els, iis 


N. 


iste 


ista 


istud 


isti 


istae 


ista 


G. 


istlus 


istlus 


istlus 


istorum 


istarum 


istorum 


D. 


isti 


isti 


isti 


istls 


istls 


Istls 


A. 


istum 


istam 


istud 


istos 


istas 


ista 


A. 


isto 


ista 


isto 


istls 


istls 


istls 



146 



THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 



Singular. Plural. 

M. F N. M. F. N. 

N. idem eadem idem eidem eaedem eadem 

G. eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem eorundem earundem eorundem 

D. eidem eidem eidem eisdem eisdem elsdem 

A. eundem eandem idem eosdem easdem eadem 

A. eodem eadem eodem eisdem eisdem eisdem 



N. 


ipse 


ipsa 


ipsum 


ipsi 


ipsae 


ipsa 


G. 


ipslus 


ipslus 


ipslus 


ipsorum 


ipsarum 


ipsorum 


D. 


ipsi 


ipsi 


ipsi 


ipsls 


ipsls 


ipsls 


A. 


ipsum 


ipsam 


ipsum 


ipsos 


ipsas 


ipsa 


A. 


ipso 


ipsa. 


ipso 


ipsls 


ipsls 


ipsls 








Relative. 










Singular. 






Plural. 






M. 


F. 


N. 


M. 


F 


N. 


N. 


qui 


quae 


quod 


qui 


quae 


quae 


G. 


cuius 


cuius 


cuius 


quorum 


quarum 


quorum 


D. 


cui 


cui 


cui 


quibus 


quibus 


quibus 


A. 


quem 


quam 


quod 


quos 


quas 


quae 


A. 


quo 


qua 


quo 


quibus 


quibus 


quibus 



Interrogative. 







Singular. 






Plural. 






M. 


F 


N. 


M. 


F. 


N. 


N. 


quis 


quae 


quid 


qui 


quae 


quae 


G. 


cuius 


cuius 


cuius 


quorum 


quarum 


quorum 


D. 


cui 


cui 


cui 


quibus 


quibus 


quibus 


A. 


quem 


quam 


quid 


quos 


quas 


quae 


A. 


quo 


qua 


quo 


quibus 


quibus 


quibus 



TABLES OF DECLENSION 



147 



Indefinite. 



M. 



Singular. 
F. 



N. 



M. 



Plural. 
F 



N. 



N. aliquis aliqua aliquid aliquT aliquae aliqua 

G. alicuius alicuius alicuius aliquorum aliquarum aliquorum 

D. alicui alicui alicui aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus 

A. aliquem aliquam aliquid aliquos aliquas aliqua 

A. aliquo aliqua aliquo aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus 







Singular. 






M. 


F. 


N. 


N. 


quidam 


quaedam 


quiddam 


G. 


cuiusdam 


cuiusdam 


cuiusdam 


D. 


cuidam 


cuidam 


cuidam 


A. 


quendam 


quandam 


quiddam 


A. 


quodam 


quadam 
Plural. 


quodam 




M. 


F. 


N. 


N. 


quidam 


quaedam 


quaedam 


G. 


quorundam 


quarundam 


quorundam 


D. 


quibusdam 


quibusdam 


quibusdam 


A. 


quosdam 


quasdam 


quaedam 


A. 


quibusdam 


quibusdam 


quibusdam 



148 THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

REGULAR VERBS. 

First Conjugation. — A-Verbs. 

amd, love. 

Principal Parts: amo, amare, amavi, amatus. 

Indicative. 





Active Voice. 






Passive Voice. 






Present. 






/ love, 


am loving, do love, 


etc. 




I am 


loved, etc. 


amo 


amamus 




amor 




amamur 


amas 


amatis 




amaris or -re 


amamini 


amat 


amant 




amatur 




amantur 



Imperfect. 
I loved, was loving, did love, etc. I was loved, etc. 

amabam amabamus amabar amabamur 

amabas amabatis amabaris or -re amabamini 

amabat amabant amabatur amabantur 

Future. 
I shall love, etc. I shall be loved, etc. 

amabo amabimus amabor amabimur 

amabis amabitis amaberis or -re amabimini 

amabit amabunt amabitur amabuntur 

Perfect. 
I have loved, I loved, etc. I have been (was) loved, etc. 

amavi amavimus r sum r sumus 

amavisti amavistis amatus \ es amat! \ estis 

amavit amaverunt or -re I est I sunt 



TABLES OF CONJUGATION 
Pluperfect. 



149 



/ had loved, etc. 



amaveram 

amaveras 

amaverat 



amaveramus 

amaveratis 

amaverant 



/ had been loved, etc. 

Ieram r eramus 

eras amati \ eratis 
erat I erant 



Future Perfect. 
/ shall have loved, etc. / shall have been loved, etc. 

amaver5 amaverimus r ero f erimus 

amaveris amaveritis amatus \ eris amati \ eritis 

amaverit amaverint I erit I erunt 







Subjunctive. 








Present. 




amem 


amemus 


amer 


amemur 


ames 


ametis 


ameris or -re 


amemini 


amet 


ament 


ametur 
Imperfect. 


amentur 


amarem 


amaremus 


amarer 


amaremur 


amares 


amaretis 


amareris or -re 


amaremini 


amaret 


amarent 


amaretur 


amarentur 



Perfect. 



amavenm 


amaverimus 


' sim 


amaveris 


amaveritis amatus ■ 


sis 


amaverit 


amaverint 

Pluperfect. 


.sit 


amavissem 


amavissemus 


' esse 


amavisses 


amavissetis amatus - 


esse 


amavisset 


amavissent 


i esse 



amati 



simus 
sitis 
b sint 



essemus 

essetis 

essent 



ISO 



am a, love thou, 
amate, love ye. 



THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 

Imperative. 

Present. 

am are, be thou loved, 
amamini, be ye loved. 



Future. 



amato, thou shall love. 
am at 6, he shall love. 
amatote, you shall love. 
amanto, they shall love. 



amator, thou shalt be loved. 
amator, he shall be loved. 

amantor, they shall be loved. 



Infinitive. 

Pres. amare, to love. amari, to be loved. 

Perf. amavisse, to have loved. amatus esse, to have been loved. 

Fut. amiiturus esse, to be aboztt amatum Iri, to be about to be 

to love. loved. 



Participles. 

Pres. amans, -antis, loving. Pres. 

Fut. amaturus, -a, -um, about Ger. 1 amandus, -a, -um, to be 

loved. 
Perf. amatus, -a, -um, loved, 
having been loved. 

Supine. 



to love. 



Perf. 



Gerund. 



N. 

G. amandi, of loving. 
D. amando, for loving. 
A. amandum, loving. 
A. amando, by loving. 



A. amatum, to love. 

A. amatu, to love, to be loved. 



1 Gerundive, sometimes called future passive participle. 



TABLES OF CONJUGATION 



151 



Second Conjugation. — B- Verbs. 

moned, advise. 

Principal Parts : moneo, monere, monui, monitus. 

Indicative. 

Present. 



Active, 



Passive. 



I advise, etc. 
mone5 monemus 

mones monetis 

monet monent 

I was advising, etc. 
monebam monebamus 
monebas monebatis 
monebat monebant 

/ shall advise, etc. 
monebo monebimus 
monebis monebitis 
monebit monebunt 



/ am advised, etc. 
moneor monemur 

moneris or -re monemini 
monetur monentur 

Imperfect. 

/ was advised, etc. 

monebar monebamur 

monebaris or -re monebamini 
monebatur monebantur 

Future. 

/ shall be advised, etc. 

monebor monebimur 

moneberis or -re monebimini 
monebitur monebuntur 



Perfect. 
/ have advised, I advised, etc. / have been (was) advised, etc. 
monui monuimus r sum r sumus 

monuistl monuistis monitus I es moniti \ estis 

monuit monuerunt or -re l est I sunt 

Pluperfect. 
I had advised, etc. I had been advised, etc. 

monueram monueramus r eram [ eramus 

monueras monueratis 
monuerat monuerant 



monitus \ eras moniti \ eratis 
1 1 

I erat I erant 



152 



THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 



Future Perfect. 
I shall have advised, etc. I shall have been advised, etc. 

monuero monuerimus f ero r erimus 



monueris 


monueritis 


monitus • 


eris 


moniti 


eritis 


monuerit 


monuerint 


Subjunctive. 
Present. 


. erit 


l erunt 


moneam 


moneamus 


monear 




moneamur 


moneas 


moneatis 


monearis or -re 


moneamini 


moneat 


moneant 


moneatur 
Imperfect. 




moneantur 


monerem 


moneremus 


monerer 




moneremur 


moneres 


moneretis 


monereris or -re 


monereminT 


moneret 


monerent 


moneretur 


monerentur 






Perfect. 






monuerim 


monuerimus 




' sim 




' simus 


monueris 


monueritis 


monitus ■ 


sis 


moniti - 


sitis 


monuerit 


monuerint 




. sit 




k sint 



Pluperfect. 



monuissem monuissemus 
monuisses monuissetis 
monuisset monuissent 



mone, advise thou, 
monete, advise ye. 



moneto, thou shalt advise, 
moneto, he shall advise. 
monetote, you shall advise, 
monento, they shall advise. 



essem r essemus 

esses moniti \ essetis 
esset I essent 

Imperative. 
Present. 

monere, be thou advised, 
mone mini, be ye advised. 

Future. 

monetor, thou shalt be advised, 
mone tor, he shall be advised. 



monentor, they shall be advised. 



TABLES OF CONJUGATION I S3 

Infinitive. 

Pres. monere, to advise. moneri, to be advised. 

Perf. monuisse, to have ad- monitus esse, to have been 

vised. advised. 

Fut. moniturus esse, to be monitum Iri, to be about to be 

about to advise. advised. 

Participles. 



r tuiss. monens, -eims, aavising. 
Fut. moniturus, -a, um, about 


Ger. monendus, -a, -um, to 


to advise. 


be advised. 


Perf. 


Perf. monitus, -a, -um, advised, 




having been advised. 


Gerund. 

N. 


Supine. 



G. monendi, of advising. 

D. monendo, for advising. 

A. monendum, advising. A. monitum, to advise. 

A. monendo, by advising. A. monitu, to advise ', to be 

advised. 

Third Conjugation.-— E-Verbs. 

rego, rule. 

Principal Parts: rego, regere, rexT, rectus. 

Indicative. 



Active. 
I rule, etc. 


Preseni 


Passive. 
I am ruled, etc. 


rego regimus 




regor regimur 


regis regitis 




regens or -re regimini 


regit regunt 




regitur reguntur 



154 



THE BEGINNER'S CMSAR 



I was 


ruling, etc. 


regebam 


regebamus 


regebas 


regebatis 


regebat 


regebant 


/ shall rule, etc. 


regam 


regemus 


reges 


regetis 


reget 


regent 



/ have ruled, etc. 
rexi reximus 

rexisti rexistis 

rexit rexerunt or -re 



Imperfect. 

/ was ruled, etc. 
regebar regebamur 

regebaris or -re regebamiiri 
regeb^tur regebantur 

Future. 

/ shall be ruled, etc. 
regar regemur 

regeris or -re regeminl 
regetur regentur 

Perfect. 

/ have been ruled, etc. 

I sum r sumus 

es recti \ estis 

est I sunt 



/ had ruled, etc. 
rexeram rexeramus 

rexeras rexeratis 

rexerat rexerant 



Pluperfect. 

/ had been ruled, etc. 

Ieram r eramus 

eras recti \ eratis 
erat I erant 



Future Perfect. 
I shall have ruled, etc. I shall have been ruled, etc. 

rexerd rexerimus r ero r erimus 

rexeris rexeritis rectus I eris recti j eritis 

rexerit rexerint I erit I erunt 







Subjunctive. 








Present. 




regam 


regamus 


regar 


regamur 


regas 


regatis 


regaris or -re 


regaminl 


regat 


regant 


regatur 


regantur 



TABLES OF CONJUGATION 



155 







Imperfect. 






regerem 


regeremus 


regerer 


regeremur 


regeres 


regeretis 


regereris or -re 


regereminT 


regeret 


regerent 


regeretur 
Perfect. 


regerentur 


rexerim 


rexerimus 


( sim 


r simus 


rexeris 


rexeritis 


rectus \ sis 


recti \ sltis 


rexerit 


rexerint 


I sit 
Pluperfect. 


I sint 


rexissem 


rexissemus 




' essem 


( essemus 


rexisses 


rexissetis 


rectus 


esses 


recti I essetis 


rexisset 


rexissent 




> esset 


I essent 



rege, rule thou. 
regite, rtde ye. 

regito, thou shalt ride. 
regito, he shall rule. 
regitote, ye shall rule. 
regunto, they shall rule. 



Imperative. 
Present. 

regere, be thou ruled. 
regimini, be ye ruled. 

Future. 

regitor, thou shalt be ruled. 
regitor, he shall be ruled. 



Pres. regere, to rule. 
Perf. rexisse, to have ruled. 
Fut. recturus esse, to be 
about to rule. 



reguntor, they shall be ruled. 

Infinitive. 

regl, to be ruled. 
rectus esse, to have been ruled. 
rectum in, to be about to be 
ruled. 



Participles. 

Pres. regens, -entis, ruling. Pres. 

Fut. recturus, -a, -um, about Ger. regendus, -a, -um, to be 
to rule. ruled. 

Perf. Perf. rectus, -a, -um, ruled, 

having been ruled. 



i 5 6 



THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 



Gerund. 

N. 

G. regendi, of riding. 

D. regendo, for ruling. 

A. regendum, ruling. 

A. regendo, by ruling. 



Supine. 



A. rectum, to rule. 

A. rectu, to rule, to be ruled. 



Third Conjugation. —Verbs in -io. 

capio, take. 

Principal Parts: capio, capere, cepi, captus. 

Indicative Mood. 

Present. 





Active. 


/ take, etc. 


capio 


capimus 


capis 


capitis 


capit 


capiunt 


/ was 


• taking, etc. 


capiebam 


capiebamus 


capiebas 


capiebatis 


capiebat 


capiebant 



Passive. 



I am taken, etc. 
capior capimur 

caperis or -re capimini 

capitur capiuntur 

Imperfect. 

/ was taken, etc. 
capiebar capiebamur 

capiebaris or -re capiebamini 
capiebatur capiebantur 

Future. 

/ shall be taken, etc. 
capiar capiemur 

capieris or -re capieminl 

capietur capientur 

Perfect. 

captus sum, es, est, etc. 

Pluperfect. 
ceperam, ceperas, ceperat, etc. captus eram, eras, erat, etc. 

Future Perfect. 
cepero, ceperis, ceperit, etc. captus ero, eris, erit, etc. 



/ shall take, etc. 
capiam capiemus 

capies capietis 

capiet capient 

cepi, cepisti, cepit, etc. 



TABLES OF CONJUGATION 1 57 

Subjunctive. 
Present. 
capiam, capias, capiat, etc. capiar, -iaris or~re, -iatur, etc. 

Imperfect. 
caperem, caperes, caperet, etc. caperer, -ereris or -re, -eretur, etc. 

Perfect. 
ceperim, ceperis, ceperit, etc. captus sim, sis, sit, etc. 

Pluperfect. 
cepissem, cepisses, cepisset, etc. captus essem, esses, esset, etc. 

Imperative. 

Pres. cape, take thou. capere, be thou taken. 

capite, take ye. capimini, be ye taken. 

Fut. capito, thou Shalt take, capitor, thou shalt be taken f 
etc. etc. 

Infinitive. 

Pres. capere, to take. capi, to be taken. 

Perf. cepisse, to have taken. captus esse, to have been taken. 

Fut. capturus esse, to be captum in, to be about to be 
about to take. taken. 

Participles. 

Pres. capiens, -ientis, taking. Pres. 

Fut. capturus, about to take. Ger. capiendus, to be taken. 
Perf. Perf. captus, having been taken. 

Gerund. Supine. 

G. capiendi, of taking, A. captum, to take. 

etc. A. captu, to take } to be taken. 



i 5 8 



THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 



Fourth Conjugation. — I-Verbs. 
audiS, hear. 
Principal Parts : audio, audlre, audivi, audltus. 

Indicative. 



Active. 

I hear, etc. 

audio audimus 

audis auditis 

audit audiunt 



Present. 



Passive. 



I am heard, etc. 



audior audlmur 

audiris or -re audlmini 
auditur audiuntur 



Imperfect. 
I was hearing, etc. I was heard, etc. 

audiebam audiebamus audiebar audiebamur 

audiebas audiebatis audiebaris or -re audiebamini 

audiebat audiebant audiebatur audiebantur 



/ shall hear, etc. 

audiam audiemus 

audies audietis 

audiet audient 



Future. 



I shall be heard, etc. 



audiar 

audieris or -re 
audietur 



audiemur 
audiemini 
audientur 



/ have heard, etc. 



Perfect. 



/ have been heard, etc. 



audivi 


audivimus 




r sum 


r sumus 


audivisti 


audivistis 


audltus * 


! es 


audltlj estis 


audlvit 


audiverunt or -re 




[ est 


I sunt 



TABLES OF CONJUGATION 



159 



Pluperfect. 

I had heard, etc. I had been heard, etc. 

audiveram audiveramus r eram r eramus 

audiveras audiveratis auditus K eras audit! -j eratis 

audlverat audlverant I erat I erant 

Future Perfect. 

I shall have heard, etc. I shall have been heard, etc. 

audivero audlverimus r ero rerimus 

audlveris audiveritis auditus \ eris audit! \ eritis 

audiverit audiverint I erit I erunt 







Subjunctive. 








Present. 




audiam 


audiamus 


audiar 


audiamur 


audias 


audiatis 


audiaris or -re 


audiamin! 


audiat 


audiant 


audiatur 


audiantur 



audirem audlremus 
audires audlretis 

audlret audlrent 



Imperfect. 

audirer audiremur 

audireris or -re audiremin! 

audiretur audirentur 



audiverim aud!verimus 
audlveris audiveritis 
audiverit audiverint 



Perfect. 

Isim 
sis 
sit 



r simus 
aud!t! J sitis 
I sint 



audivissem audivissemus 
audivisses audivissetis 
audivisset audivissent 



Pluperfect. 

r essem 
auditus I esses 
I esset 



( essemus 
audit! J essetis 
[ essent 



i6o 



THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 
Imperative. 



audi, hear thou, 
audite, hear ye. 



Present. 



audire, be thou heard. 
audiminl, be ye heard. 



Future. 



audito, thou shalt hear. 
audito, he shall hear. 
auditote, ye shall hear. 
audiunto, they shall hear. 



auditor, thou shalt be heard. 
auditor, he shall be heard. 

audiuntor, they shall be heard. 



Infinitive. 



Pres. audire, to hear. 
Perf. audi visse, to have heard. 
Fut. auditurus esse, to be 
about to hear. 



audlri, to be heard. 
auditus esse, to have been heard. 
auditum Iri, to be about to be 
heard. 



Participles. 



Pres. audiens,-entis, hearing. 
Fut. auditurus, -a, -um, about 

to hear. 
Perf. 



Gerund. 

N. 

G. audiendi, of hearing. 

D. audiendo,/*tfr hearing. 

A. audiendum, hearing. 

A. audiendo, by hearing. 



Pres. 

Ger. audiendus, -a, -um, to 

be heard. 
Perf. auditus, -a, -um, heard, 

having been heard. 

Supine. 



A. auditum, to hear. 
A. auditu, to hear, to be 
heard. 



TABLES OF CONJUGA TION 



161 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 

sum, be. 

Principal Parts: sum, esse, fui, futurus. 

Indicative. 
Present. 



singular. 
sum, I am. 
es, thou art. 
est, he (she, it) is. 

eram, I was. 
eras, thou wast. 
erat, he was. 

ero, / shall be. 
eris, thou wilt be. 
erit, he will be. 

fui, / have been, was. 
fuistl, thou hast been, wast. 
fuit, he has been, was. 



fueram, I had been. 
fueras, thou hadst been. 
fuerat, he had been. 



PLURAL. 

sumus, we are. 
estis, you are. 
sunt, they are. 

Imperfect. 

eramus, we were. 
eratis, you were. 
erant, they were. 
Future. 

erimus, we shall be. 
eritis, you will be. 
erunt, they will be. 
Perfect. 

fuimus, we have been, were. 
fuistis, you have been, were. 
j fuerunt or 
1 fuere, they have been, were. 

Pluperfect. 

fueramus, we had been. 
fueratis, you had been. 
fuerant, they had been. 

Future Perfect. 
fuero, / shall have been. fuerimus, we shall have been. 

fueris, thou wilt have been. fueritis, you will have been. 

fuerit, he will have been. fuerint, they will have been. 



l62 



THE BEGINNER'S CsESAR 



Present, 
singular. plural. 



sim 

sis 

sit 

fuerim 

fueris 

fuerit 



simus 

sitis 

sint 
Perfect. 

fuerimus 

fueritis 

fuerint 



Subjunctive. 

Imperfect, 
singular. plural. 

essem essemus 

esses essetis 

esset essent 

Pluperfect. 
fuissem 
fuisses 



fuisset 

Imperative. 
Present. 



fuissemus 

fuissetis 

fuissent 



es, be thou. 



SINGULAR. 



PLURAL. 



esto, thou shalt be, 
esto, he shall be. 

Infinitive. 
Pres. esse, to be. 
Perf. fuisse, to have been. 
F'UT. futurus esse, to be about 

to be. 



este, be ye. 
Future. 

estote, ye shall be. 

sunto ? they shall be. 

Participle. 



futurus, -a, -urn, about to be. 





possum, posse, potui, 9 be able? can. 

Indicative. Subjunctive, 
singular. plural. singular. plural. 


Pres. 


possum 


possumus 


possim 


possimus 




potes 
potest 


potestis 
possunt 


possTs 
possit 


possitis 
possint 


Imp. 


poteram 


poteramus 


possem 


possemus 


Fut. 


potero 


poterimus 






Perf. 


potui 


potuimus 


potuerim 


potuerimus 


Plup. 


potueram 


potueramus 


potuissem 


potuissemus 


F. P. 


potuero 
Pres 


potuerimus 

Infinitive. 
. posse Perf. potuisse 



TABLES OF CONJUGATION 



163 



prosum, prodesse, profui, profuturus, benefit. 
Indicative. 



plural. 
prosumus 

prodestis 

prosunt 

proderamus 

proderimus 

profuimus 

profueramus 

profuerimus 

Imperative. 
Pres. prodes, prodeste Fut. prodestd, prodest5te 

Infinitive. 
Pres. prodesse Perf. profuisse Fut. profuturus esse 

Participle. 
Fut. profuturus, -a, -um 



singular. 
Pres. prosum 

prodes 

prodest 

Imp. proderam 

Fut. prodero 

Perf. profui 

Plup. profueram 

F. P. profuero 



Subjunctive. 


singular. 


PLURAL. 


prosim 


proslmus 


prosls 


prosltis 


prosit 


prosint 


prodessem 


prodessemus 


profuerim 


profuerimus 


profuissem 


profuisse mus 



vol5, velle, volui, — 
nolo, nolle, nolui, — 
malo, malle, malui, 



-, be willing, will, wish. 
-, be unwilling, will not. 
— , be more willing, prefer. 







Indicative. 




PRES, 


void 


nolo 


malo 




VIS 


non vis 


mavis 




vult 


non vult 


ma vult 




volumus 


nolumus 


malumus 




vultis 


non vultis 


mavultis 




volunt 


nolunt 


malunt 


Imp. 


volebam 


nolebam 


malebam 


Fut. 


volam, voles, etc. nolam, noles, etc. 


malam, males, etc 


Perf. 


volui 


nolui 


malui 


Plup. 


volueram 


nolueram 


malueram 


F. P. 


voluerd 


noluero 


maluero 



164 



THE BEGINNER'S CMSAR 



Pres. 


velim 




veils 




velit 




velimus 




velitis 




velint 


Imp. 


vellem 


Perf. 


voluerim 


Plup. 


voluissem 


Pres. 





Fut. 





Pres. 


velle 


Perf. 


voluisse 


Pres. 


volens 



Subjunctive. 




nolim 


malim 


noils 


malls 


nolit 


malit 


nolimus 


malimus 


nolitis 


malitis 


nolint 


malint 


nollem 


mallem 


noluerim 


maluerim 


noluissem 


maluissem 


Imperative. 




noli 





nolite 




nollto, etc. 





Infinitive. 




nolle 


malle 


noluisse 


maluisse 


Participle. 




nolens 





eo, ire, Ivi (ii), iturus, go. 

fio, fieri, factus sum (supplies passive to facio), make, be 
made, become. 











Indicative. 




Pres. 


eo 




imus 


fI5 


fimus 




Is 




itis 


fis 


fitis 




it 




eunt 


fit 


fiunt 


Imp. 




ibam 






fiebam 


Fut. 




Tbo 






flam 


Perf. 




ii 






factus sum 


Plup. 




ieram 






factus eram 


F. P. 




iero 






factus ero 



TABLES OF CONJUGATION 



I6 5 



PRES. 

Imp. 

Perf. 

Plup. 

Pres. 

Fut. 

Pres. 
Perf. 
Fut. 

Pres. 

Fut. 

Perf. 



earn 
irem 
ierim 
iissem 



J its 
{ its 



Subjunctive. 



Imperative. 
ite 
ltote 
eunt5 

Infinitive. 



flam 
fierem 
factus sim 
factus essem 



fite 



ire 

isse 

iturus esse 

iens, Gen 
iturus, -a, 

Gerund. 



Participles. 
euntis 
-um 



Pres. 
Ger. 
Perf. 



fieri 

factus esse 
factum In 



faciendus 
factus 



Supine. 



N. 
G. 
D. 
A. 
A. 



eundi 
eundo 
eundum 
eundo 



A. 
A. 



itum 
itu 



fero, ferre, tuli, latus, bear, carry, endure. 
Indicative. 



Active. 

Ifero ferimus 

fers fertis 

fert ferunt 



Imp. 


ferebam 


Fut. 


feram 


Perf. 


tuli 


Plup 


tuleram 


F. P. 


tulero 



Passive. 
feror ferimur 

ferris or -re ferimini 
fertur feruntur 

ferebar 

ferar 

latus sum 

latus eram 

latus ero 



1 66 THE BEGINNER'S CjESAR 

Subjunctive. 

Pres. feram ferar 

Imp. ferrem ferrer 

Perf. tulerim latus sim 

Plup. tulissem latus essem 

Imperative. 
Active. Passive. 

Pres. fer ferte [ferre] ferimini 

f fer to fertote fertor 

\ ferto ferunto fertor feruntor 

Infinitive. 

Pres. ferre ferri 

Perf. tulisse latus esse 

Fut. laturus esse latum Iri 

Participles. 
Pres. ferens Pres. 



Fut. laturus Ger. ferendus 

Perf. Perf. latus 

Gerund. Supine. 

G. ferendi 

D. ferendo 

A. ferendum A. latum 

A. ferendo A. latu 



VOCABULARY 



A., see Aulus. 

a, ab, prep, with abl., from, by y 

on the side of. 
abdo, -dere, -did!, -ditum, put 

away, withdraw, hide. 
abduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum, 

lead away. 
abstineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum, 

hold from, keep from. 
absum, -esse, -afui, be away or 

distant. 

ac, see atque (ac is used only be- 
fore consonants). 

accedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum, 
go to, approach, be added. 

accido, -cidere, -cidi, fall to or 
upon, befall, happen. 

accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 
[capio], take to, receive, ac- 
cept. 

accurro, -currere, -curri, -cursum, 
run or hasten to. 

accuso (i) [causa], call to account, 
reprimand, accuse. 

acies, -el, f ., battle-line. 

acriter, adv., sharply, fiercely. 

ad, prep, with ace, to, toward, 



against, near ; (with numerals) 
adv., about. 

adduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum, 
lead or bring to, influence. 

adgredior, see aggredior. 

adhibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, bring in, 
summon. 

admiror (i), wonder at, admire. 

admitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum, 
[ad + mitto] (3), let go ; admit, 
receive ; become guilty of, com- 
mit, equo admisso, with his 
horse at full speed (i. 22). 

adorior, -oriri, -ortus sum, rise 
against, attack. 

adscisco, -sciscere, -scivi, -scitum, 
take to, receive, adopt. 

adsum, -esse, -fui, be at hand or 
near, be present, assist. 

adventus, -us, m. [venio], arrival, 
approach. 

adversus, -a, -urn (perf. pass, 
part, of adverto), turned to, 
opposite, unfavorable, unsuc- 
cessful. 

adverto, -tere, -ti, -sum [ad + 
verto] (3), turn to, direct, turn. 
animum adverto, perceive, no- 
tice, observe. 



167 



i68 



THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 



aedificium, -I, n., a building. 

Aeduus, -I, m., an ^Eduan. 

aegerrime, adv. (sup. of aegre), 
with the greatest difficulty. 

aequo (l), make even or equal. 

afficio, -flcere, -feci, -fectum [ad 
+ facio] (3), do something to, 
treat, use; visit with, affile t, 
trouble, weaken, impair, magno 
dolore affici, to be greatly an- 
noyed (i. 2). supplicio aflicere, 
to punish (i. 27). 

affinitas, -atis, f., alliance by 
marriage, kinship. 

ager, agri, m., land under culti- 
vation, yfc/*/, territory, doniain; 
pi., lands, territory, country, 
the country. 

aggredior, -gredi, -gressus sum 
[ad + gradior, step], go to, ap- 
proach, attack. 

agmen, -minis [ago], x\.,army on 
the march, marching column ; 
line of march, agmen clau- 
dere, to bring up the rear. 
novissimum agmen, the rear. 
primum agmen, the van. 

ago, agere, egi, actum, put in 
motion, drive, discuss. 

alienus, -a, -um [alius], another* s, 
foreign, unfavorable. 

aliqui (-quis), -qua, -quod (-quid), 
some, any. 

alius, -a, -ud, another, other (of 
more than two). 

Allobroges, -um (ace. Allobrogas, 
i. 14), m., pi., a Gallic people 



in the northeastern part of 
"the Province," between the 
Rhone and the Alps. i. 6, 10, 
11, 14, 28. 

alo, alere, alui, alitum (altum), 
nourish, sustain. 

Alpes, -ium, f., the Alps. 

alter, -era, -erum, one (of two), 
the other, second. 

altitudo, -inis, f. [altus], height, 
depth. 

altus, -a, -um, high, deep. 

Ambarri, -orum [Kel. ambi, = 
Lat. ambi- + Arar], m. pi., a 
people on both sides of the 
Arar (Saone) near its junction 
with the Rhone; intimately 
connected with the iEdui. 
i. 11, 14. 

amicitia, -ae, f. [amicus] friend- 
ship. 

amicus, -a, -um, friendly ; (as 
subst.) m., friend. 

amitto, -mittere, -mlsl, -missum, 
send away, let go, lose. 

amor, -oris, m. [am 6], love, de- 
sire. 

amplus, -a, -um, large or full, 
ample. 

anceps, -cipitis [ambo, both + 
caput, head], two-headed, two- 
fold, doubtful. 

angustiae, -arum, f. [ango, 
squeeze], narrowness, a narrow 
pass or defile. 

angustus, -a, -um [ango], nar- 
row. 



VOCABULARY 



169 



animadverto, -vertere, -vertl, 
-versum, attend to, punish. 

animus, -1, m., soul, mind, feel- 
ing, spirit, courage. 

annus, -I, m., a year. 

annuus, -a, -um, for a year, an- 
nual. 

ante, adv. or prep, with ace, 
before. 

antea, adv., formerly. 

antiquus, -a, -um [ante], ancient, 
former. 

aperi5, -Ire, -ui, -turn, uncover, 
open, disclose. 

appello (1), call. 

Aprilis, -e, of April, April. 

apud, prep, with ace, among, 
near, with. 

Aquileia, -ae, f., a city at the 
head of the Adriatic Sea. See 
n. to chap. X. i. 10. 

Aquitam, -orum, m., the Aqui- 
tani, Aquitanians. 

Aquitania, -ae, f., Aquitania. 

Arar, -aris, ace, -im [Kel., = 
'sluggish'], m., Arar river, 
now the SaSne. It rises in the 
Vosges Mts., and flows south- 
ward into the Rhone, i. 12, 
13, 16. 

arbitror (1), decide, think. 

arma, -orum, n., arms. 

ascendo, ascendere, ascendl, as- 
censum [ad + scando, climb'], 
climb up, ascend. 

ascensus, -us, m., a climbing up, 
ascent. 



atque, ac [ad + que], conj. : 

1 . Copulative, and, and also, 
and even, and in particular. 

2. Comparative, after words 
of likeness or unlikeness, as, 
than. 

attingd, -tingere, -tigi, -tactum 
[ad -f- tango, touch], touch or 
border upon, lie near to, reach. 

auctoritas, -atis, f., influence, 
authority. 

audacia, -ae, f. [audax], bold- 
ness. 

audacter, adv., boldly. 

audeo, audere, ausus sum, dare. 

augeo, augere, auxi, auctum, in- 
crease. 

Aulus (abbr. A.), Aulus, a Ro- 
man name. 

aut, conj ., aut . . . aut, either . . . 
or. 

autem, conj., on the other hand, 
bid, moreover. 

auxilium, -1, n. [augeo], help, 
aid ; (in pi.) auxiliaries. 

averto, -vertere, -verti, -versum, 
turn off ox away. 

avus, -I, m., grandfather. 

B 

Belgae, -arum, m., the Belgce, 
Belgians, a powerful people of 
Northeastern Gaul. 

bello (i), make or wage war, fight. 

bellicosus, -a, -um, fond of war, 
warlike. 



170 



THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 



beneficium, -I, n., kindness, bene- 
fit, favor. 

Bibracte, -is, n., Bibracte. 

biduum, -I, n., two days. 

biennium, -I, n. [annus], two years. 

bipartito, adv. [pars], in two di- 
visions. 

Bituriges, -urn [Kel., = ' World- 
kings,' or 'Ever kings'], m. 
pi., a people in Central Gaul, 
across the Liger (Loire) from 
the ^Edui. 

Boil (or Boji), -5mm, m., pi., a 
Keltic people widely diffused 
over Central Europe, whose 
name survives in Bohemia ; 
32,000 joined the Helvetii in 
their migration, the remnant 
surviving being settled with 
the iEdui. 

bonitas, -tatis [bonus], i., good- 
ness, excellence ; of land, fer- 
tility (i. 28). 

bonus, -a, -urn, comp. melior, sup. 
optimus, adj., good, advanta- 
geous ; pleasant, well-disposed, 
friendly, bono animo esse, to 
be favorably disposed, (i. 6.) 

bracchium, -1, n., the forearm. 



C. (abbr. for Gaius), Caius or 
Gains, a Roman name. 

cado, cadere, cecidi, casum, fall. 

Caesar, Caesaris, m., full name 
Gaius Iulius Caesar. 



calamitas, -atis, f., disaster, de- 
feat. 

capio, capere, cepi, captum, take, 
seize. 

caput, capitis, n., head. 

carrus, 1, m., cart. 

Cassianus, -a, -urn, Cassian, of 
Cassius. 

Cassius, -T, m., Lucius Cassius 
Longinus, praetor B.C. 1 1 1 ; 
when consul, 107 B. c, he en- 
gaged in battle with the Tigu- 
rini in the territory of the 
Allobroges, and was defeated 
and slain, i. 7, 12. 

castellum, -1, n. [diminutive of 
castrum],^ small fort, fortress, 
redoubt. 

Casticus, -1, m., Casticus. 

castra, -orum, n. [castnim^r/], 
a fortified camp, camp. 

casus, -us [cad5], a falling, fall, 
accident, calamity, chance. 

Catamantaloedis, -is [Kel., = 
* Man of Even Temper'], m., 
foremost man of the Sequani 
before Caesar's time. i. 3. 

Caturiges, -um [Kel., = « Battle- 
Kings '], m. pi., a Gallic peo- 
ple in the eastern part of the 
Province, i. 10. 

causa, -ae, f., cause, reason, 

caveo, cavere, cavi, cautum, take 
precautions. 

celeriter (comp. celerius, sup. ce- 
lerrime), adv., quickly. 

Celtae, -arum [Kel.], m., pi., 



VOCABULARY 



171 



Celts, inhabitants of that part 
of Gaul between the Garonne 
and the Seine, extending from 
the Atlantic to the Alps. They 
belonged to the great Keltic 
family, and were divided into 
many states or tribes, i. 1. 

census, -us, m., enumeration. 

centum, indecl. num., one hun- 
dred. 

certus, -a, -urn, sure, certain. 
aliquem certiorem facere, to 
inform some one, 

Ceutrones, -um, m., the Ceu- 
trones. 

cibarius, -a, -um, pertaining to 
food ; (as subst.) cibaria, -orum, 
r\.., food, provisions. 

circiter, adv., about. 

circuitus, -us, m. [circum + eo], 
a going round, circuit. 

circum, prep, with ace, around, 
about. 

circumvenio, -venire, -veni, -ven- 
tum, surround. 

citerior, -oris, comp. adj. (no po- 
sitive), nearer, hither. 

citra, adv. and prep, with ace, 
this side, within. 

Civitas, -atis, f ., citizenship, state, 
citizens. 

claudo, claudere, clausl, clausum, 
shut, close. 

cliens, -entis, m. f., client, depen- 
dent. 

coemo, -emere, -eml> -emptum, 
purchase. 



coepi, coepisse, defect, verb, be- 
gan. 

coerceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, control. 

cognosco, -gnoscere, -gnovl, -gni- 
tum, learn thoroughly ; (in 
perf.) have learned, know. 

COgo, cogere, coegi, coactum, 
drive together, collect, compel. 

COhortor (1), urge earnestly, ex- 
hort, encourage. 

COlligO (1), bind together. 

collis, -is, m., hill. 

COllOCO {\\ place together, station. 
nuptum collocare, to give in 
?narriage. 

COlloquor, -loqui, -locutus sum, 
speak together, converse. 

comburo, -burere, -bussi, -bustum, 
bum up, consume. 

commemoro (1), recount, state, 
mention. 

COmmeo (1), resort to or visit 
(frequently). 

committo, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
sum, send together, commit, 
combine, join. 

commode, adv., conveniently. 

commonefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac- 
tum, remind forcibly. 

commoveo, -movere, -movl, -mo- 
tum, move deeply, disturb, ex- 
cite. 

communis (4), fortify completely, 
intrench. [change. 

C0mmutati5, -onis, f., a changing, 

COmmuto (1), change entirely, re- 
verse. 



172 



THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 



COmpard (i), prepare, furnish, 
equip. 

comperio, -perire, -peri, -pertum, 
ascertain. 

complector, -plecti, -plexus sum, 
embrace. 

compleo, -plere, -plevi, -pletum, 
fill, fill up, complete. 

complures, -a (-ia), several, many. 

COmporto, bring ox carfy together. 

conatum, -I, n., or conatus, -us, 
m., trial, attempt. 

concedo, -cedere, cessi, -cessiirus, 
[com- + cedo] (3), withdraw, 
depart ; give up, yield, bow, 
submit ; allow, grant ; grant 
perinission, permit. 

COncidO, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum, 
cut down, slay. 

COncilio (1), call together, win 
over, conciliate. 

concilium, -1, n., assembly, coun- 
cil. 

COncursus, -us, m., running to- 
gether, onset. 

COndicio, -onis, f., a speaking to- 
gether, agreement, terms. 

condono, -are, -avi, -atum [com- 
-f- dono] (i), give up, forgive, 
overlook, excuse, pardon, i. 20, 

COnduco, -diicere, -duxi, -ductum, 
lead or bring together, hire. 

confero, conferre, contulT, colla- 
tum, bring together, collect, 
compare: se" conferre, to re- 
treat. 

confertus, -a, -um, crowded. 



conficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, do 
thoroughly, complete, accom- 
plish. 

confido, -f Idere, -fisus sum, trust 
in, rely on, 

confirmo (1), make firm, estab- 
lish, assure, promise. 

conicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum, 
throw together, conjecture. 

COniuratio, -onis, f. [hlro, swear], 
a swearing together, conspir- 
acy. 

c5nor (1), try, attempt. 

conquiro, -quirere, -qulsivi, -qui- 
situm, search out. 

consanguineus, -a, -um, related 
by blood ; (as subst.) m., kins- 
man. 

conscisco, -sciscere, -scivi, -sci- 
tum, decree, appoint. 

COnscius, -a, -um [scio], knowing, 
conscious. 

c5nscribo, -scribere, -scrips!, 
-scriptum, write together, en- 
roll, levy. 

consequor, -sequi, -seciitus sum, 
follow up, pursue, obtain. 

Considius, -1, m., Considius. 

consido, -sldere, -sedi, -sessum, 
settle, encamp. 

consilium, -1, n., counsel, plan. 

consisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitum, 
take a stand, stand still, stop. 

COnsolor (1), console, comfort, sol- 
ace. 

conspectus, -us, m. [conspicio], 
a looking at, sight. 



VOCABULARY 



173 



conspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- 
tum, see, perceive. 

conspicor (1), perceive. 

constituo, -stituere, -stitul, -sti- 
tutum [statuo, set], set together, 
arrange, determi7ie. 

consuesco, -suescere, -suevl, -sue- 
tum, accustom, habituate ; (in 
perf,) to have become (= be) 
accustomed, be wont. 

consul, -ulis, m., consul, one of 
the chief magistrates at Rome, 
of whom there were two, 
chosen annually. 

consumo, -sumere, -sumpsi, 
-sumptum, destroy, consume. 

contendo, -tendere, -tendT, -ten- 
turn [tendo, stretch], stretch 
tight, strive, fight, haste?i. 

COntinenter [continens], adv., 
constantly, incessantly, without 
interruption, continually. 

contineo, -tinere, -tinul, -tentum 
[com- -(- teneo] (2), hold to- 
gether ; hold ; hold back, keep, 
retain, detain, shut in; of 
places and regions, hem in, 
bound, border. 

contra, prep, with ace, and adv., 
opposite, against. \nity. 

contumelia, -ae, f ., affront, indig- 

convenio, -venire, -venl, -ventum, 
come together, meet, assemble ; 
convenit (impers.), it is fitting, 
it is agreed. 

COnventus, -us, m., assembly, 
meeting. 



converto, -vertere, -verti, -versum, 
turn, signa convertere, change 
front, wheel about. 

convoco (1), call together, sum- 
mon, assemble. 

COpia, -ae, f ., plenty ; (in pi.) 
forces, troops. 

COpiosus, -a, -um, zuell supplied, 
plentiful, abounding. 

cotidianus (quo-), -a, -um, daily, 
usual. 

cotidie (quo-), adv., daily. 

Crassus, -1, m. : 

1. Marcus Licinius Crassus, 
consul in B.C. 70, member of 
the triumvirate with Caesar and 
Pompey ; consul again in 55; 
perished in the disastrous Par- 
thian expedition, B.C. 53. i. 21. 

2. Publius Licinius Crassus, 
younger son of the triumviri 
lieutenant of Caesar in Gaul, 
B.C. 58-56, where he distin- 
guished himself ; he returned 
to Rome in 55, followed his 
father to the East and fell in 
the same battle. 

cremo, -are, -avi, -atum (1), burn. 

Igni cremare, to consume by fire, 

burn to death (i. 4). 
creo, -are, -avi, -atum (1), create, 

make ; choose, elect, appoint. 
cresco, crescere, crevi,cretum (3), 

inch., grow, increase ; become 

great, become powerful (i. 20) ; 

of a river, become swollen. 
cultus, -us [colo], m,, cultivation, 



174 



THE BEGINNER'S CJESAR 



care; mode of life, civiliza- 
tion. 

cum, prep, with ablative only, 
with; of association, with, 
along with, in the company of 
together with ; of comparison, 
with, as over against, compared 
with ; of manner and circum- 
stance, with, under, amid, at ; 
of time, together with, at the 
same time with. With the 
personal pronouns and with 
qui, cum is enclitic; as, me- 
cum, nobiscum, quibuscum. 

cum (quum), conj., when, since, 
although. 

cupide, adv., eagerly. 

CUpiditas, -atis, f., eager desire, 
longing, cupidity. 

cupidus, -a, -um, desirous of 
eager for. 

CUpio, -ere, -Ivi (ii), -Itum, desire, 
favor. 

euro (i), care for ; (with object 
and gerundive), have. 

custos, -5dis, m., f., guard, senti- 
nel. 



damno (i), condemn. 

de, prep, with abl., down from, 

from, for, concerning. 
debeo, debere, debui, debitum [de 

+ habeo] (2), owe ; pass., be 

due ; followed by infin., ought, 

must, should. 
decern, indecl. num., ten. 



decipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, 
entrap, deceive. 

decurio, -onis, m. (the leader of 
a squad of ten cavalry), a de- 
cur ion. 

dediticius, -1 [deditus, from de- 
do], adj., that has surrendered, 
subject. As subst., dediticii, 
-orum, m, pi., prisoners of war, 
captives. 

deditio, -onis [dedo] f., surren- 
der, accipere or recipere in 
deditionem, to receive by capit- 
ulation, in deditionem venire, 
to surrender. 

defendo, -fendere, -fendi, -fen- 
sum, keep or ward off, defend. 

defessus, -a, -um (perf. part, of 
defetiscor), wearied, exhausted. 

deici5, -icere, -ieci, -iectum, throw 
or cast down, dislodge. 

deinde,adv.,^/z (of consequence 
or sequence). 

delibero (1), ponder, deliberate. 

deligo, -ligere, -legi, -Iectum [le- 
go, choose'], pick out, select. 

deminuo, -minuere, -minui, -mi- 
nutum [minus], lessen, dimin- 
ish. 

demonstro ( I ), show plainly, point 
out. 

demum, adv., at length. 

denique, adv., at length, lastly. 

depon5, -p5nere, -posui,-positum, 
place or lay aside. 

depopulor (1), ravage, lay waste. 

deprecator, -oris, m., mediator. 



VOCABULARY 



175 



designo, -are, -avi, -atum [de + 
signo, mark] (1), mark out, 
point out, mean, designate, i. 18. 

desisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitum [de 
+ sisto] (3), stand off from ; 
leave off, cease, desist from, stop, 
give up. desistere sententia, 
to give up the notion. 

despero (1) [spes, hope], be hope- 
less, despair. 

despicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum, 
look down on, despise. 

destituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitu- 
tum [statuo] , set aside, forsake, 
abandon. 

destringo, -stringere, -strinxT, 
striatum [stringo, draw], draw 
off, unsheathe, draw. 

deterreo (2), frighten off, deter, 
discourage. 

deus, -I, m., god. 

dexter, -tera, -terum, and -tra, 
-trum, comp. dexterior, sup. 
dextimus, adj., right 

dextra, -ae [dexter, sc. manus], 
f., right hand. i. 20. 

dico, dicer e, dixi, dictum, say, 
tell, speak. 

dictio, -onis, f ., a speaking, plead- 
ing. 

dies, diei, m. and f., day ; time 
(i. 7). multo die, late in the 
day (i. 22). in dies, day by day, 
every day. diem ex die, day 
after day. (i. 16). 

differo, differre, distulT, dllatum, 
carry or bear apart, differ, defer. 



difficilis, -e [dis + facilis], not 

easy, difficult. 

dimitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum, 
send apart, dismiss. 

discedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessurus 
[dis- + cedo] (3), go apart, 
disperse, scatter ; depart, with- 
draw, leave, go away, go off. 
ab armis discedere, to lay down 
one's arms. 

disco, discere, didici, learn. 

disicio (disjicio), -icere, -ieci, -iec- 
tum [dis- + iacio] (3), drive 
asunder ; disperse, scatter, rout 
(i. 25 ; iii. 20). 

dispono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- 
tum, place apart, arrange. 

ditissimus, -a, -urn (sup. of dives), 
richest. 

diu, adv.,/#r a long time. 

diuturnus, -a, -um [diu], of long 
duration, long. 

Divitiacus, -I, m., an ALduan 
chief. 

Divico, -5nis, m., a Helvetian 
chief 

divido, -videre, -visi, -visum, di- 
vide, separate. 

do, dare, dedT, datum, give. 

doleo (2), suffer pain, grieve. 

dolor, -oris, m., pain, grief. 

dolus, -1, m., treachery, deceit. 

domus, -us, house, home, domi, 
at home. 

dubitatio, -onis, f., hesitation. 

dubito (1), doubt, hesitate. 

dubius, -a, -um, doubtful. 



176 



THE BEGINNER'S CMSAR 



ducenti, -ae, -a [duo + centum], 
two hundred. 

duco, diicere, duxi, ductum, lead, 
draw, consider. 

dum, conj., while, until. 

Dumnorix, -Igis [Kel., = « Great 
King '], m., an ^Eduan, brother 
of Divitiacus, and son-in-law 
of Orgetorix ; a bitter enemy of 
Caesar, and apparently leader 
of the ^Eduan anti- Roman 
party, until slain by Caesar's 
orders while trying to escape 
from him, B.C. 54. i. 3, 9, 18, 
19, 20. 

duo, duae, duo, two. 

duodecim [decern], indecl. num., 
twelve. 

dux, ducis [duco], m., f., leader, 
guide. 

E 

e, ex, prep, with abl., from, out 
of. 

educo, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum, 
lead forth, draw out. 

effemino (1), weaken, enervate. 

effero, efferre, extulT, elatum, 
bear away or out, lift up, elate. 

ego (dat. mihi, ace. me), /. 

egredior, -gredi, -gressus sum,^ 
out, march forth. 

egregius, -a, -um [ex + grex, 
herd, crowd~\, adj., eminent, 
marked, distinguished, excel- 
lent. 

emo, emere, emi, emptum, buy. 



emitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum, 

send forth, discharge. 
enim, conj.,/^r. 
enuntio ( 1), tell out, reveal, report. 
eo, ire, Tvi (il), itum, go. 
eo, adv., to that place, thither. 
eodem, adv., to the same place. 
eques, equitis, rider, horseman, 

knight ; (in pi.) cavalry. 
equester, -tris, -tre [eques], be- 
longing to a horseman, cavalry \ 

equestrian. 
equitatus, -us, m., cavalry. 
equus, -1, m., horse. 
eripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum 

[rapio], snatch away, rescue. 

se eripere, to escape. 
et, conj., and. et . . . et, both . . . 

and. 
etiam [et + iam], conj., also ; 

even, non solum . . . sed etiam, 

not only . . . but also. 
evello, -vellere, -velli, -vulsum, 

pull or tear out. 
ex, see e. 

exemplum, -1, n., example. 
exeo, -Ire, -Ivi (il), -Itum, go out. 
exercituB, -us [exerce5, exercise], 

an exercised, trained body ; an 

army. 
existimati5, -onis, f., opinion. 
existimo (1), reckon, think. 
expedio, -pedire, -pedlvi, -pedltum 

[ex + pes] (4), disengage, set 

free ; get ready, make ready. 
expeditus, -a, -um, comp. -ior, 

sup. -issimus [part, of expe- 



VOCABULARY 



177 



dio],adj., unincumbered, light- 
armed ; ready, easy, legiones 
expedltae, legions without bag- 
gage. As subst., expeditus, -T, 
m., light-armed soldier. 

expello, -pellere, -pull, -pulsum 
[ex + pello] (3), drive out, 
drive away, reznove, expel. 

explorator, -5ris, m. [exploro, in- 
vestigate}, scout, spy. 

expugno (1), take by stor?n, over- 
power. 

exsequor, -sequl, -seciitus sum, 
follow out or up, enforce. 

exspecto (1), look ozct, await, ex- 
pect. 

extra., adv. and prep, with ace, 
without, beyond. 

extremus, -a, -urn (sup. from ex- 
ter), outermost, furthest, ex- 
treme. 

exaro, -urere, -iissi, -ustum, burn 
up. 

F 

facile, used as adv., easily. 

facilis, -e, easy. 

facio, facere, feci, factum, make, 
do. 

facultas, -atis, f. [facio], means 
or opportwiity of doing, oppor- 
tunity, means. 

fames, -is, f., hitnger, want. 

familia, -ae, f., slaves of a house- 
hold, household, retinue. 

familiaris, -e [familia], belonging 
to the household, private; (as 



subst.) friend, res familiaris, 
private property. 

faveo, favere, favi, fa.utum,favor. 

fere, adv., almost. 

f ero, f erre, tull, latum, bear, carry ', 
bring, inflict. 

ferrum, -1, n., iron. 

fides, -el, f., confidence, faith, as- 
surance of good faith, protectio?z. 

filia, -ae, f., daughter. 

films, -1, m., son. 

finis, -is, m., end, limit, boundary ; 
(in pi.) territory, confijtes. 

finitimus, -a, -urn [finis], border- 
ing upon, adjoining, neighbor- 
ing ; (as subst.) neighbors. 

fio, fieri, f actus sum, be made or 
done, happen (used as pass, of 
facio). 

firmus, -a, -um, strong, firm. 

flagito (1), demand. 

fleo, flere, flevi, fletum, weep. 

flumen, - inis, n. [flu5] , a flowing 
stream, river. 

fluo, fluere, fiuxi, fluxum,/(?w. 

fortis, -e, strong, brave. 

fortiter, adv., bravely. 

fortitudo, -inis, f. [fortis] , bravery. 

fortuna, -ae, f., chance, fortune. 

fossa, -ae, f. [fodio, dig], ditch, 
trench. 

f rater, fratris, m., brother. 

fraternus, -a, -um, pertaining to 
a brother, brotherly, fraternal. 

frigus, frigoris, n., cold, cold 
weather ; pi., seasons of cold, 
cold spells. 



i 7 8 



THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 



friictus, -us, m., crops, fruit. 
frumentarius, -a, -um [frumen- 

tum], abounding in grain, 

fruitful. 
frumentum, -I, n., grain. 
fuga, -ae, f. \iv,g\o, flee], flight. 
fugitlVUS, -I, m., runazuay slave. 



Gabinius, -I, m., a Roman name. 

Gallia, -ae, £., Gaul. 

Gallicus, -a, -um, Gallic. 

Gallus, -I, m., a Gaul. 

Garumna, -ae, m., the Garonne 
(a river of Gaul). 

Genava, -ae, f., Geneva. 

German!, -orum, m., the Ger- 
mans. 

gero, gerere, gessi, gestum, carry 
on, wage, do. 

gladius, -I, m., sword. 

gloria, -ae, f., glory. 

glorior (i), glory, boast. 

Graecus, -a, -um, Greek, Grecian. 

Graioceli, -orum, m., the Graio- 
celi. 

gratia, -ae, f., favor, popularity. 

graviter, adv. [gravis], heavily, 
severely, graviter ferre, be an- 
noyed or vexed. 



habeo (2), have, hold. 
Helvetia, -ae, f., Helvetia (now 
Switzerland). 



Helvetius, -a, -um, adj., of the 
Helveiii, Helvetian, civitas 
Helvetia, the State of the Hel- 
vetii, Helvetian State, divided 
into four cantons, the names 
of two of which, pagus Tigu- 
rinus, pagus Verbigenus, are 
known (i. 12). As subst., Hel- 
vetil, -orum, m. pi., the Helve- 
tians, Helveiii (i. 1-29, 30, 31, 
40). 

hiberna, -orum, n., winter quar- 
ters. 

hie, haec, hoc, this. 

hiemo (1), [hiems, winter], pass 
the winter. 

Hispania, -ae, f., Spain. 

homo, -inis, m. f ., a human being, 
man. 

honor, -oris, m., honor, distinc- 
tion, office. 

hora, -ae, f., hour. 

hortor (1), arouse, urge. 

hostis, -is, m. f., stranger, (public) 
enemy ; (in pi.) the enemy. 

humanitas, -atis, f., refinement. 

I {vowel) 

ibi, adv., in that place, there. 

ictus, -us, m., stroke, blow. 

idem, eadem, idem, the same. 

Idus, -uum, f. pi., the Ides, the 
fifteenth day of March, May, 
July, and October; the thir- 
teenth day of other months. 
i. 7. 



VOCABULARY 



I 79 



ignis, -is, m.,fire. 

lgnoro (1), [in, neg. + gnarus, 
knozving], not know, be igno- 
rant. 

ille, ilia, illud, that (used of what 
is remote). 

illiC [ille], adv., there. 

immortal is, -e, immortal. 

impedimentum, -1, n., impedi- 
ment, hi?idrance ; (in pi.) 
heavy baggage, baggage -train. 

impedio (4), obstruct, hamper. 

impendeo, -ere [pendeo, hang], 
overhang, impend. 

imperium, -1, n., a command, 
right of comma?id, supreme 
power. 

impero (1), command, enjoin, 
m a ke requisition for. 

impetrd (1), obtain by entreaty, 
accomplish. 

impetus, -us, m. [peto], attack, 
assault. 

importo (1), bring in, import. 

improbus, -a, -urn, base, wicked. 

improviso, adv. [pro + vis us, 
seen], unawares, unexpectedly. 

impune, adv. [in -f- poena, pun- 
ish ment ] , without punish ment, 
with impunity. 

impunitas, -atis, i., freedom from 
punishment, impunity. 

in, prep, with ace. (of motion), 
into, to, against ; with abl. (of 
rest), in, on, over. 

in-, inseparable prefix = un-, not, 
as in inaudltus, unheard; 



incendo, -cendere, -cendi, -cen- 
sum, set fire to. 

incito (1) [cito, urge], urge on, 
incite. 

incolo, -colere, -colui, -cultum 
[colo, cultivate], dwell in, in- 
habit. 

incommodum, -1, n. [commodus, 
convenient], an inconvenience, 
disadvantage, disaster. 

incredibilis, -e [credo, believe], 
incredible. 

inde, adv., from that place, thence. 

indicium, -1, n., information, evi- 
dence. 

induco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum, 
lead in or into, lead on, induce. 

inferior, -ius [Tnferus], lower (in 
place) ; later (in time). 

inferd, inferre, intuli, illatum, 
bring into or upon, wage upon, 
attack. 

inflecto, -flectere, -flexi, -flexum, 
bend in, curve. 

influo, -fluere, -fluxi, -f\ux\im,fiow 
into, flow. 

inimicus, -a, -um, comp. -ior, 
sup. -issimus [in- + amicus], 
adj., unfriendly, hostile. As 
subst., inimicus, -1, m., enemy, 
personal enemy, as distin- 
guished from hostis, a public 
enemy. 

initium, -i, n. [in + eo], begin- 
ning. 

iniuria, -ae, f. [ius, right], wrong, 
injustice. 



i8o 



THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 



iniussu, m. (abl. of assumed in- 

iussus), without command. 
inopia, -ae, f., need, lack. 
inopinans, -antis, unawares. 
insciens, -entis [scio, know], not 

knowing, unaware. 
insequor, -sequl, -secutus sum, 

follow up, pursue. 
insidiae, -arum, f., ambuscade, 

treachery. 
insignis, -e, remarkable ; (as 

subst.) n., sign, decoration. 
insolenter, adv., insulttitgly. 
instituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitu- 

tum, set up, establish. 
institutum, -I, n., an established 

course, custom, institution. 
insto, -stare, -stiti, -statum, stand 

upon or near, approach, attack. 
instruo, -struere, -struxl, -struc- 

tum, build, draw up. 
intellego (-ligo), -legere, -lexi, 

-lectum, learn, understand. 
inter, prep, with ace, between, 

among. 
intercedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- 

sum, go between, interpose, in- 

tercede. 
intercludo, -cliidere, -clusi, -clu- 

sum, shut off. 
interdiu, adv., during the day, 

by day. 
interdum, adv., between whiles, 

sometimes. 
interea, adv., meanwhile. 
interficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, 

kill. 



interim, adv., meamvhile. 

intermitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
sum, leave or break off, inter- 
rupt. 

internecio, -onis, f., extermina- 
tion, massacre. 

interpres, -etis, m. f ., interpreter. 

intersum, -esse, -ful, be between, 
intervene. 

intervallum, -I, n., interval. 

invitus, -a, -urn, unwilling. 

ipse, ipsa, ipsum, dem. pron., 
self, himself herself, etc. 

is, ea, id, dem. pron., this, that, 
he, she, it, unemphatic. 

ita, adv., so, thus. 

Italia, -ae, f., Italy. 

itaque, conj., and so, therefore. 

item, adv., in like manner, like- 
wise, so also. 

iter, itineris [cf. eo, Tre], vl., jour- 
ney, line of march, march ; 
road, route. magnum iter, 
forced march, from 20 to 25 
miles a day. 

I (consonant) 

iacto (1), toss, discuss. 

iam, adv., now, already, at length. 

iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussum, order, 

iudicium (judicium), -I [iudex, 
judge], n., legal judgment, deci- 
sion, decree ; place of judgment, 
trial (i. 4) ; opinion, judgment. 

iudico (1), judge. 

iugum, -1, ri., yoke, ridge. 



VOCABULARY 



Ibl 



iumentum, -I, n., yoke or draught 

animal, beast of burden. 
iungo, iungere, iunxi, iunctum, 

join. 
Iura, -ae, m., the mountain range 

running from the Rhine to the 

Rhone, 
his, iurus, n., right, justice, law. 
iusiurandum, iurisiurandi, n., 

oath. 
iustitia, -ae, injustice. 
iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutum, help, aid. 

iuvat (impers.), it pleases. 

K 

Kalendae (Calendae), -arum, f., 
the Calends (the first day of a 
month). 



L., see Lucius. 

Labienus, -I, m., Titus Labienus, 
Caesar's chief lieutenant-gen- 
eral, afterwards deserted to 
Pompey, and fell B.C. 45 at 
Munda. 

lacesso, -ere, -Ivi, -Itum [obsolete 
lacio, entice] (3), arouse, pro- 
voke, annoy, assail, attack. 

lacrima, -ae, f., tear. 

lacus, -us, m., lake. 

largior, largiri, largltus [largus, 
abundant] (4), dep., give freely, 
impart, bestow, bribe (i. 18). 

largiter [largus, abundant], adv., 
abundantly, much, largiter 



posse, to have great iiifluence 

(i. 18). 

largitio, -onis [largior], f., lavish 
giving, bribery, i. 9. 

late, adv. [latus], broadly, widely. 

latitiido, -inis, f. [latus], width. 

latius, see late. 

Latobrigi, -drum, m. pi., a tribe 
about the head-waters of the 
Danube, bordering on the Tu- 
lingi. i. 5, 28, 29. 

latro, -onis, m., freebooter, robber. 

laturus, see fero. 

latus, -a, -um, comp. -ior, sup. 
-issimus, adj., broad, wide ; of 
territory, exte7isive. 

latus, -eris, n., side ; of an army, 
flank, latus apertum, exposed 
flank, ab latere, on the flank. 

legatio, -5nis, f., embassy. 

legatus, -1, m., a??ibassador, lieu- 
tenant. 

legi5,-onis, f., legion. 

Lemannus, -1, m.,in Caesar always 
with lacus, Lake Geneva. 

lenitas, -atis, f ., smoothness, gen- 
tleness. 

lex, legis, f., law. 

liberalitas, -atis, f., generosity, 
liberality. 

libere, adv., freely. 

liberi, -orum, m., children. 

libertas, -atis, f., freedom, liberty. 

liceor (2), bid (at an auction). 

licet, licere, licuit, impers., it is 
permitted. 

Lingones, -um, m., the Lingones. 



182 



THE BEGINNER'S CALSAR 



lingua, -ae, f., tongue, language. 
linter, -tris, f., boat, skiff, i. 12. 
Liscus, -1, m., chief magistrate 

(vergobret) of the iEdui, B.C. 

58. i. 16, 17, 18. 
littera (litera), -ae, f., a letter of 

the alphabet ; (in. pi.) a letter. 
locus, -1, m. (in pi., n.), place. 
longe, adv. [longus, long], far, 

by far. 
longitudo, -inis, f. [longus], 

length. 
loquor, loqui, locutus sum, speak. 
Lucius, -T (abbr. L.), a Roman 

name. 
lux, lucis, f., light. 

M 

M., see Marcus. 

magis, comp. adv. (sup. maxime), 
more, rather. 

magistrates, -us, m., magistracy, 
magistrate. 

magnopere, adv., greatly, espe- 
cially. 

magnus, -a, -urn (comp. maior, 
sup. maximus), great, large. 

maleficium, -1, n., mischief, 
wickedness. 

mando (1), entrust, order. 

manus, -us, f., hand, armed force. 

Marcus, -1, m., a Roman name. 

matara, -ae, f., a Gallic javelin. 

mater, matris, f., mother, matro7i. 

matrimonium, -1 [mater], n., 
marriage. in matrimonium 



dare, to give in marriage (i. 3). 
in matrimonium ducere, to 
marry (i. 9). 

Matrona, -ae, f., Marne, which 
rises near the head -waters of 
the Meuse (Mosa) and flows to 
the northwest, joining the 
Seine (Sequana) four miles 
above Paris, after a course of 
more than two hundred miles, 
i. 1. 

maturo (1), ripen, hasten. 

maturus, -a, -um, ripe, complete, 
early. 

maxime, sup. adv. [magnus], 
very greatly, most, especially. 

maximus, see magnus. 

me (ace. of ego), me. 

medius, -a, -um, in the middle of. 

memoria, -ae, f., recollection, 
memory. 

mensis, -is, m., month. 

mercator, -oris, m., merchant. 

mereor (2), deserve, earn, nierit. 

meritum, -1, n., desert, mei'it. 

Messala, -ae, m., Marcus Vale- 
rius Messala, consul B.C. 61. 
i. 2, 35. 

metior, metiri, mensus sum, 
measure. 

mini (dat. of ego), me, to me. 

miles, -itis, m., soldier. 

militaris, -e, pertaiiiing to a sol- 
dier, military. 

mille, indecl. adj., a thousand. 
As subst., milia, -um, n. pi., 
thousand, thousands. 



VOCABULARY 



I8 3 



minime, adv., least, by no means. 
minimus, -a, -um (sup. of parvus, 

small), least, very little. 
minor (comp. of parvus), smaller ', 

less. 
minud, -ere, -ui, -utum [minus], 

make smaller, lessen. 
minus, adv. [minor], less. 
mitto, mittere, misi, missum, 

send. 
modo, adv., only ; see etiam. 
molo, -ere, -ui, -itum (3), grind. 

molita cibaria, meal, coarse 

flour. 
moneo (2), advise, remind, warn, 

admonish. 
mons, montis, m., mountain. 
morior, mori, mortuus sum, die. 
moror (1), tarry, delay. 
mors, mortis, f. [morior], death. 
mos, moris, m., manner, custom ; 

(in pi.) customs, character. 
moveo, movere, movi, motum, 

move. 
mulier, mulieris, f., woman. 
multitiido, -inis, f. [multus], 

great number, multitude. 
multo or multum, comp. plus, 

sup. plurimum [multus], adv., 
much, by far, greatly, multum 

posse or valere, to have great 

power, influence. 
multum, adv., see multo. 
multus, -a, -um, adj., comp. plus, 

sup. plurimus, much ; pi., 

many. As subst., m. pi., multi, 

-6mm, ma?iy people ; plures, 



-ium, ?nore, quite a number, 
several ; neut. sing., multum, 
much ; plus, more ; plurimum, 
very much : neut. pi., multa, 
m any things, many co7isidera- 
tions. multo die, late in the 
day, when the day was far 
spent (i. 22). 

munio (4) [moenia, walls'], build 
a wall, fortify. 

munitio, -onis, f., fortification. 

murus, -1, m., wall. 

N 

nam, con]., for. 

Nammeius, -T, m., a Helvetian 

chief. 
natura, -ae, f., natter e, character. 
navis, -is, f., ship. 
ne, conj., not to, that . . . not, lest ; 

(after words of fearing) that. 
-ne, enclitic interrog. particle. 
nee, see neque. 

necessario, adv., necessarily, un- 
avoidably. 
necessarius, -a, -um, necessar" ; 

(as subst.) m., kinsman. 
nego (1), say not, deny. 
nemo, -inis, m. f., no one. 
neque (nee), conj., and not, and 

also ; neque . . . neque, neither 

. . . nor. 
nervus, -1, m., sinew, tendon ; (in 

pi.) power, strength. 
neve (neu), adv., and not, nor. 
nex, necis, f., death. 



184 



THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 



nihil (nihilum), indecl. noun, 

nothing. 
nisi, conj., if not, unless. 
nitor, niti, nisus or nlxus sum, 

rest upon, rely ttpon, strive. 
nobilis, -e [nosco, know], famous, 

high-born, noble. 
nobilitas, -atis, f., nobility, nobles. 
noctu, adv. [nox], by night. 
nolo, nolle, nolui, not wish, be 

unwilling. 
nomen, -inis, n., name. 
nominatim, adv., by name. 
non, adv., not. 
nonaginta, ninety. 
nondum, adv., not yet. 
nonnullus, -a, -um (not none) 

some ; (in pi. as subst.) some, 

several. 
nonnumquam (not never), some- 
times. 
Noreia, -ae, f., Noreia (a town of 

the Norici). 
Noricus, -a, -um, of the Norici, 

Norican. 
nos (nom. and ace. pi. of ego), 

we, us. 
noster, -tra, -trum [nos], our, ours. 
novem, nine. 
novus, -a, -um, new ; novae res, 

new state of affairs, revolution. 
nox, noctis, f., night. 
nubo, niibere, nupsi, nuptum, 

veil one^s self (for marriage), 

marry. 
nudus, -a, -um, naked, exposed, 

unprotected. 



millus, -a, -um [ne + ullus, any], 

not any, no, none. 
num, interrog. particle implying 

a negative answer, 
numerus, -I, m., number. 
nuntio (i), report, announce. 
nuntium, -I, n., report, message. 
niintius, -I, m., one who reports, 

messenger. 
nuper, recently. 



Ob, prep, with ace, on account of ; 

(in composition) to, against. 
obaeratus, -I, m., one involved in 

debt, debtor. 
obicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum, throw 

in front, oppose. 
obliviscor, oblivisci, oblitus sum, 

forget. 
Obsecro (i), beseech, implore. 
obses, -idis, m. f., hostage. 
obstringo, -stringere, -strinxl, 

-strictum, bind. 
Obtineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum, 

hold, possess. 
OCCasus, -us, m., falling, setting. 
OCCido, -cidere. -cidi, -cisum 

[caedo, cut], cut off, kill, slay. 
0CCUlt5 (i), hide, conceal. 
OCCUpO (i) [capio], take possession 

of, seize, occupy. 
Oceanus, -I, m., ocean. 
Ocelum, -T, n., a city of Gallia 

Cisalpina. 
octo, eight. 



VOCABULARY 



185 



octodecim, eighteen. 

octoginta, eighty. 

OCulus, -1, m., eye. 

odi, odisse, def. verb, hate. 

offendo, -fendere, -fendi, -fensum, 
strike against, stumble, offend. 

Offensio, -onis, f., a striking 
against, offence. 

omnino, adv. [omnis], altogether, 
in all. 

omnis, -e, all, every. 

Oportet r -ere, -uit, impers. verb, 
it is necessary, one ought. 

Oppidum, -1, n., stronghold, town. 

Oppugno ( 1 ), fight against, storm . 

Ops, opis (not used in nom. sing.), 
power, strength ; (in pi.) re- 
sources, means. 

Opus, -eris, 11., work. 

oratio, -onis [5r5], f., speech, 
words, address, plea. 

Orgetorix, -Igis, m. [Kel., = 'The 
King who slays,' 'All-slaugh- 
tering King '], a Helvetian lord 
who formed a plot to seize the 
supreme power, but was appre- 
hended and died, or committed 
suicide, before judgment was 
pronounced, i. 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 26. 

Oriens, -entis [part, of orior], adj., 
rising. orientem solem, the 
rising sun = the east (i. 1). 

orior, oiiri, ortus (4), dep., rise, 
arise ; begin, spring from ; 
start from. 

oro (1), speak, plead, entreat. 

ostendo, -tendere, -tendi, -tentum 



[ob + tendo, stretch'], expose to 
view, exhibit. 



pabulatio, -5nis, f., foraging. 

pabulum, -I, n., food, fodder. 

paco (1) [pax], pacify, subdue. 

paene, adv., almost. 

pagUS, -1, m., canton, district. 

par, paris, equal. 

paratus, -a, -um [p. p. of paro], 

prepared, ready. 
pareo (2), obey. 
par5 ( 1 ), prepare, provide. 
pars, partis, f ., part, direction. 
parvus, -a, -um (comp. minor, 

sup. minimus), small, little. 
passus, -us, m., step, pace (five 

Roman feet), milia passuum, 

miles. 
pateo, -ere, -ui, lie open, extend. 
pater, patris, m., father. 
patior, pati, passus sum, suffer, 

permit. 
pauci, -ae, -a, few. 
pax, pacis, f ., peace. 
pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum, 

drive, beat. 
per, prep, with ace, through, by 

means of. 
perduc5, -ducere, -duxT, -ductum, 

lead through. 
perfacilis, -e, very easy. 
perficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum 

[facio], do thoroughly, accom- 
plish, complete. 



i86 



THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 



perfringo, -fringere, -fregl, -frac- 

tum, break through. 
perfuga, -ae, m., deserter. 
perfugio, -fugere, -fug!, flee, de- 
sert. 
periculum, -I, n., danger, risk. 
peritus, -a, -um, experienced, 

practised, skilled. 
permoveo, -movere, -movi, -mo- 

tum [per + moveo] (2), deeply 

move, greatly disturb, alarm; 

influence, induce. 
pernicies, -el, f., destructio7i. 
perpaucus, -a, -um, very little, 

very few. 
perrumpo, -rumpere, -rupl, -rup- 

tum, break through. 
persequor, -sequl, -seciitus sum, 

follow after, pursue. 
persevero (1), continue, persist. 
persolvo, -solvere, -solvi, -solu- 

tum, pay in full. 
persuadeo, -suadere, -suasi, -sua- 

sum, convince, persuade. 
perterreo {2),frighten thoroughly. 
pertineo, -tinere, -tinuT, 

[per + teneo] (2), reach out, 

extend ; pertain to, concern^ 

belong to, have to do with. 
pervenio, -venire, -venl, -ventum, 

come through, arrive. 
pes, pedis, m.,foot. 
peto, -ere, -Ivi (-il), -Itum, attack, 

aim at, seek. 
phalanx, -angis, Greek ace. sing 

phalanga [<pd\ay£],fl, compact 

host, mass, phalanx. 



pilum, 1, n., a heavy spear (with 
shaft about 4 feet long) thrown 
by Roman legionaries. 

Piso, -onis, m., name of persons 
mentioned in the Gallic War : 

1. Lucius Calpurnius Piso 
Caesoninus, consul B.C. 112; 
killed B.C. 107, when serving as 
lieutenant in Gaul with the 
consul Lucius Cassius Longi- 
nus. i. 12. 

2. Lucius Calpurnius Piso 
Caesoninus, consul with Aulus 
Gabinius, B.C. 58, and father- 
in-law of Caesar, i. 6, 12. 

3. Marcus Pupius Piso Cal- 
pumianus, consul with M. Va- 
lerius Messala, B.C. 61. i. 2, 

35- 

plebs, plebis (plebes, -el), f., com- 
mon people, plebeians. 

plurimus, -a, -um (sup. of mul- 
tus), very much, most, very 
many. 

plus, pluris (comp. of multus), 
more. 

poena, -ae, f., punishment, pen- 
alty. 

polliceor (2), promise. 

pono, ponere, posui, positum, 
put, place. 

pons, pontis, m., bridge. 

pOpulatio, -onis, f., ravaging. 

populor (1), devastate. 

populus, -1, m., people. 

porto (1), carry, bring. 

portorium, -I, n., tax, tariff. 



VOCABULARY 



187 



posco, -ere, poposci, demand. 

possessio, -onis, f., possession. 

possum, posse, potui [potis, able 
-\- sum], be able, can. 

post, prep, with ace., behind, 
after. 

postea, adv., afterwards. 

posterus, -a, -um, following. 

postquam, conj., after, as soon as. 

postridie, adv., on the day after. 

potens, -entis, powerful. 

potentia, -ae, f ., power, ability. 

potestas, -atis, f ., power. 

potior, potirl, potltus sum, get or 
obtain possession of. 

prae, prep, with abl., before ; (in 
composition) before, over, very. 

praecedo, -cedere, -cessl, -cessum, 
go before, surpass, precede. 

praecipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, 
take in advance, order, instruct. 

praef ero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, bear 
before, choose, prefer. 

praeficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, 
set before or over, place in com- 
mand. 

praemitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
sum, send before or in advance. 

praeopt5 (i), choose rather, pre- 
fer. 

praesentia, -ae, f., the present 
moment. 

praesertim, adv., especially. 

praesidium, -1, n., protection, 
guard, garrison. 

praesto, -stare, -stitl, -stitum [prae 
+ sto] (1), excel, surpass ; ex- 



hibit, manifest, show ; discharge, 
perform. Impers. praestat, it 
is preferable, it is better, offi- 
cium praestare, to do one's duty. 

praesto, adv., at hand, praesto 
esse, to meet. 

praesum, -esse, -ful, [prae 

+ sum], irr., be ox preside over, 
be at the head of have command 
of have charge of. 

praeter, prep, with ace, past, by, 
beyond, except. 

praetereo, -Ire, -Ivi (-11), -itum, 
go by or beyond ; (p. p. as 
subst.) praeterita, -orum, n., 
the past. 

praetor, -oris [praeitor, from 
praeeo], m., general, com- 
ma7ider (i. 21) ; praetor, a 
Roman magistrate, next to the 
consul in rank, charged with 
judicial functions. 

prendo (prehendo), prendere, 
prendl, prensum, lay hold of, 
grasp. 

pretium, -I, n., price. 

prex, precis, f., prayer. 

pridie, adv., on the day before. 

primum, adv., in the frst place, 
first. 

primus, -a, -um, sup. 2A]., first. 

princeps, -ipis, chief ; (as subst, ) 
chief, leader. 

principatus, -us, m., leadership, 
chief position , p re em inence. 

pristinus, -a, -um,for?ner. 

prius, comp. adv., sooner. 



i88 



THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 



priusquam, adv., before, sooner 
than. 

privatim, adv., privately, as pri- 
vate citizens. \nal. 

privatus, -a, -urn, private, perso- 

pro, prep, with abl., before, for, 
in behalf of, in proportion to. 

probo (i), try, prove, approve, 

Procillus, -I, m., Gains Valerius 
Procillus (a Gallic chief). 

prodo, -dere, -didi, -ditum [do], 
transmit, hand down. 

proelium, -I, n., battle. 

profectio, -onis, f., setting out, 
departure. 

proficlscor, proflcisci, profectus 
sum, set out, depart. 

prohibeo (2), keep from, prohibit, 
prevent. 

proicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum, 
throw forth, cast down. 

prope, adv. and prep, with ace, 
near. 

propinquus, -a, -um, near, neigh- 
boring; (as subst.) relative, 
kinsman. 

propono, -p5nere, -posui, -posi- 
tum, place or set forth, declare. 

propter, prep, with ace, on ac- 
count of. 

propterea, adv., for this reason. 

prospicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- 
turn, look forward, look out for. 

provincia, -ae, f., province, sub- 
ject territory ; in Caesar often 
the Province, the part of Trans- 
alpine Gaul subdued by the 



Romans before B.C. 58, lying 
between the Mediterranean sea 
and the upper part of the 
Rhone, the Cevennes moun- 
tains, and the upper part of the 
Garonne river. 

proxime, adv. [prope], next, 
nearest, last. 

proximus, -a, -um, nearest, last. 

publice [publicus], adv., in the 
name of the state, as a state, 
publicly, opposed in meaning 
to privatim. 

publicus, -a, -um, public. 

Piiblius, -1 (abbr. P.), m., a Ro- 
man name. 

puer, -1, m., boy, child. 

pugna, -ae, f., fight, battle. 

pugno (1), fight. 

purgO (1), clear, acquit. 

puto (1), compute, reckon, think. 

Pyrenaeus, -a, -um [?], adj., only 
with montes, the Pyrenees 
mountains, between France 
and Spain. 



qua, adv., by which way, where. 

quadraginta, forty. 

quadringenti, -ae, -a, four hun- 
dred. 

quaero, quaerere, quaes! vi, quae- 
sltum, seek, ask, 

qualis, -e, of what sort. 

quam, adv. and conj., how, as, 
than ; (with sup.) as possible. 

quantus, -a, -um, how great ; tan- 



VOCABULARY 



189 



tus . . . quantus, so (or as) great 

. . . as. [reason. 

qua. re, adv., wherefore, for this 
quartus, -a, -urn, fourth. 
quattuor, four. 
-que, enclitic conj., and. 
queror, queri, questus sum, com- 
plain, 
qui, quae, quod, rel. pron. and 

interrog. adj., who, which, what. 
quidem, indeed ; ne . . . quidem, 

not even, not either. 
quin, conj., that, but that, from ; 

quin etiam, nay more. 
quindecim, fifteen. 
quingentl, -ae, -a, five hundred. 
quini, -ae, -a, distrib. vc&m..,five 

each, five. 
quinque,y£z/f. 
quintus, -a, -urn, fifth. 
quis, quid, interrog. pron., who ? 

which? what? (as indef.) any 

one, any thing. 
quisquam, quidquam (quic- 

quam), any one, any thing. 
quisque, quaeque, quidque, 

(quodque), each one, every one, 

each, every. 
quod, conj., because. 
quoque, conj., also. 
quum, see cum. 



rapina, -ae, I., plunder, rapine. 
ratio, -onis, f., reckoning, plan 
reason. 



ratis, -is, f ., raft. 

Rauraci, -orum, m., the Rauraci. 

re- (red-), inseparable prefix with 
the force of back, again. 

recens, -entis, fresh, recent. 

recipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, 
take back, receive. 

redeo, -ire, -if, -itum, go back, re- 
turn. 

redimo, -imere, -emi, -emptum 
[emo, buy], buy back, buy up. 

redintegro (1), restore, renew. 

reditio, -onis, f ., a going back, re- 
turn. 

reduco, -ducere, -duxl, -ductum, 
lead back, withdrazu. 

refero, -ferre, -tulT, -latum, bring 
or carry back, report. 

regnum, -T, n. [rex], sovereignty, 
royal power. 

reicio, -icere, -iecT, -iectum, throw 
back. 

relinquo, -linquere, -Hqui, -lic- 
tum, leave behind, abandon. 

reliquus, -a, -um, the rest of, re- 
maining ; (as subst.) re?nain- 
der. 

reminiscor, -1, call to mind, re- 
member. 

removeo, -movere, -m5vi, -mo- 
turn, move back. 

renuntio (1), bring back word, 
report. 

repelld, repellere, reppuli, repul- 
sum, drive back, repulse. 

repentinus, -a, -um, sudden, un- 
expected. 



190 



THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 



reperio, reperire, repperl, reper- 
tum, find out, discover. 

reprehendo, -prehendere, -pre- 
hendl, -prehensum, blame, cen- 
sure. 

repugno (1), fight back, resist. 

res, rei, f., matter, affair ; cir- 
cumstance, fact, transaction ; 
object, project, business. re's 
militaris, warfare, military 
science. r6s novae, a revolu- 
tion. r6s publica, the state, 
public business, public interest. 
qua rS, wherefore, and for this 
reason. re's necessaria, exi- 
gency. 

rescindo, -scindere, -scidl, -scis- 
sum [re- + scindo] (3), cut 
down, break up, destroy. 

rescisco, -sciscere, -scivT or -scii, 
-scitum [re- -+" scisco, inquire] 
(3), discover, find out. i. 28. 

resistd, -sistere, -stiti, stand back, 
stop, resist. 

responded, -spondere, -spondi, 
-sponsum, answer, reply. 

responsum, -1, n., reply. 

res publica (respublica) rei pub- 
licae, f ., state. 

restituo, -uere, -ul, -utum, set up 
again, restore. 

retineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum 
[teneo], holdback, retain. 

reverto, -vertere, -verti, -versum, 
turn back, return ; revertor, -1, 
dep., is generally used in the 
tenses of incomplete action. 



Rhenus, -1, m., the Rhine. 
Rhodanus, -1, m., the Rhone. 
ripa, -ae, f ., bank (of a river), 
rogo (1), ask. 
R5manus, -a, -urn, Roman; (as 

subst.) RSmani, -orum, m., the 

Romans. 
rota, -ae, f., wheel. 
rursus, adv., again. 



saepe, adv., often. 

salus, -utis, f., safety. 

Santones, -urn, or Santoni, 
-orum, m. pi., a Gallic people 
on the seacoast north of the 
Garonne; the name survives 
in Saintes and Saintonge. i. 10, 
11. 

sarcinae, -arum [sar in sarcio], 
f. pi., baggage, packs, the load 
that each soldier carried on his 
back. 

satis, adv. and adj., sufficiently, 
enough, sufficient. 

satisfacio, -facere, -feci, -factum, 
do enough, satisfy, make amends. 

scelus, -eris, n., crime. 

scio, scire, scivi, scitum, know. 

scutum, -I, n., shield. 

secretd, adv., secretly, in pri- 
vate. 

secundus, -a, -um, following, fa- 
vorable, second. 

sed, conj., but. 

sedecim [sex], sixteen. 



VOCABULARY 



I 9 I 



seditiosus, -a, -um, seditious. 

Segusiavi, -orum, m., the Segu- 
siavi. 

sementis, -is, f., sowing, plant- 
ing. 

semper, adv., always. 

senatus, -us, m., senate. 

senex, senis, old ; (as subst.) old 
man. 

seni, -ae, -a, distrib. num., six 
each, six. 

sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum, be 
sensible of, feel, perceive, think. 

separatim, adv., separately. 

septentriones (septem, triones), 
-um, m. pi., the seven plough 
oxen (the stars of the Great 
Bear). — Hence, the north. — 
Also (by an error), in the sing., 
septentrio, -5nis, the north; 
a septentrionibus, in the north; 
sub septentrionibus, in the 
north, towards the north. 

Septimus, -a, -um, seventh. 

sepultura, -ae, f., burial. 

Sequana, -ae, m., the Seine. 

Sequani, -5rum, m. pi., a Gallic 
state west of the Jura; chief 
city Vesontio, now Besancon. 
In their strifes with the ^Edui 
they secured the aid of Ario- 
vistus, who made them subject 
to himself. 

sequor, sequi, seciitus sum, fol- 
low. 

servitus, -utis, f., slavery. 

servus, -1, m., slave. 



seu, see sive. 

sex, six. 

sexaginta, sixty. 

si, conj., if. 

signum, -1, n., signal, standard. 

silva, -ae, f., forest. 

simul, adv., at the same time t at 
once. 

sin, conj., but if. 

sine, prep, with abl., without. 

singuli, -ae, -a, distrib. num., one 
at a time, one by one, single. 

sinister, -tra, -trum, left. 

sive (seu), conj., or if; sive . . . 
sive, whether . . . or, either . . . 
or. 

SOCer, soceri, m., father-in-law. 

SOCius, -1, m., ally. 

sol, solis, m., the sun. 

solum, adv., only. 

solum, -I, n., soil, ground. 

solus, -a, -um (gen. -lus, dat. -1), 
alone, only. 

soror, -oris, f., sister. 

spatium, -1, n., space, period. 

specto (1), look, face. 

spero (1) [spes], hope, look for. 

spes, -el, f., hope. 

sponte, abl. and spontis, gen., 
only forms in use of an obsolete 
nom. spons, f., of one's own 
accord, willingly, sua sponte, 
of their own accord, unaided ; 
by their own influence (i. 9). 

statuo, ere, ui, iitum, v. a., set 
up, resolve, deem, decide, gra- 
viter statuere in aliquem, to 



192 



THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 



take strong measures against. 
non exspectandum sibi statuit, 
decided that he ought not to wait 
[sto]. 

studeo, -ere, -ui, be eager for, de- 
sire. 

studium, -1, n., zeal, earnestness, 
regard, desire ; — in populum 
Romanum, affection for the R. 

p- 

sub, prep, (i.) w. ace, under (of 

motion); — iugum mittere, send 

under the yoke ; — prlmam nos- 

tram aciem successerunt, came 

up close to our front line, (ii.) 

with abl., under. 
SUbdiico, -ducere, -duxl, -ductum, 

draw up or away, withdraw. 
subeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, go under or 

near, undergo. 
subicio (subiicio), -icere, -ieci, 

-iectum [sub + iacio] (3), throw 

from beneath (i. 26). 
sublevo (1), lift up, aid. 
subsisto, -sistere, -stiti, standstill, 

withstand, resist. 
subsum, -esse, -fui, be under or 

near. 
subvehS, -vehere, -vexi, -vectum, 

carry or bring up, convey. 
succedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum, 

go under or near, approach, 

succeed. 
sui, sibi, se or sese, nom. wanting, 

reflex, pron., himself, herself, 

itself, themselves, him, her. 
Sulla, -ae, m., Lucius Cornelius 



Sulla, born B.C. 138; Consul 
B.C. 88, Dictator, 81-79 B.C.; 
leader of the aristocratic party 
in the first of the Civil Wars, 
and deadly enemy of Marius ; 
died B.C. 78. i. 21. 

sum, esse, fui, be. 

summa, -ae, f ., highest point, sum. 

summoveo (sub-), -movere, -m5vi, 
-m5tum, remove. 

summus, -a, -um (pos. superus), 
highest. 

sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptum, 
take, claim. 

siimptus, -us, m., expense. 

super, adv. and prep, with ace, 
above, over. 

supero (1), surpass, conquer. 

supersum, -esse, -fui, be over, sur- 
vive. 

superus, -a, -um (comp. superior, 
sup. supremus, summus), up- 
per, high. 

suppeto, -petere, -petivi, -peti- 
tum, be at hand or in store. 

suppliciter, adv., humbly. 

supplicium, -1, n., punishment. 

suscipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 
[subs, for sub, + capio] (3), 
undertake, take up ; take upon 
one's self, assume (i. 3). bellum 
suscipere, to commence war. 

suspicio, -onis, f., mistrust, sus- 
picion. 

sustined, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum, 
hold up or out, sustain. 

SUUS, -a, -um, his, her, its, their. 



VOCABULARY 



193 



T., see Titus. 

tabula, -ae, f., board, writing- 
tablet. 

taceo (2), be silent, keep secret. 

tarn, adv., so. 

tamen, adv., nevertheless, yet. 

tandem, adv., at length. 

tantus, -a, -um, so great. 

telum, -1, n., dart, missile. 

temperantia, -ae, f., self-control, 
moderation. 

tempero (1), control, refrain. 

tempto (tento), -are, -avi, -atum 
[tento, p. p. of teneo, hold], 
I. v. a., handle. Hence, try, 
attenipt, make an attempt upon, 
tempt ; iter (try to force). 

tempus, -oris [tem {cut, with 
root determinative or acciden- 
tal p) + us], n. (a cutting). — 
Esp., a division of tune, a time, 
time (in general), a season, an 
occasion, an emergency, a crisis ; 
tarn necessario tempore, at so 
critical a moment; omni tem- 
pore, at all limes, always ; in 
reliquum tempus, for the fu- 
ture ; uno tempore, at once, 

teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum, 
hold. 

terra, -ae, f ., earth. 

tertius, -a, -um, third. 

testis, -is, m. f., witness. 

Tigurinus, -a, -um, of the Tigu- 
rini (a canton of the Helvetii). 



timeo, -ere, -m,fcar. 

timor, -oris, m.,fear. 

Titus, -1 (abbr. T.), m., a Roman 
name. 

tolero (1), endure, support. 

tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatum, 
lift up, take away, destroy. 

Tolosates, -um, m., the Tolosates. 

totus, -a, -um (gen. -lus, dat. -1), 
all, the whole of, entire. 

trado, -dere, -didi, -ditum, give 
over, hand down, surrender. 

traduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum, 
lead across. 

tragula, -ae, f., a spear, lance of 
the Gauls and Spaniards, 
thrown by means of a strap 
by which it was swung. 

traho, -ere, -xi, -ctum, v. a., 
draw, drag. 

trans, prep, with ace, across. 

transeo, -Ire, -ii, -itum, go across, 
cross. 

transfigo, -figere, -fixi, fixum, 
thrust through, transfix, pierce. 

trecenti, -ae, -a, three hundred. 

tres, tria, three. 

tribuo, -uere, -ui, -utum, assign, 
bestow, attribute, ascribe. 

triduum, -1, n., three days. 

triginta, thirty. 

triplex, -icis, threefold, triple. 

Tulingi, -orum, m. pi., a Ger- 
man tribe north of the Hel- 
vetii, across the Rhine, i. 5, 
25, 26, 28, 29. 

turn, adv., then, thereupon; be- 



194 



THE BEGINNER'S CAESAR 



sides, moreover, cum . . . turn, 
both . . . and, not only . . . but 
also. 
tuus, -a, -urn, thy your. 



ubi, when, where. 

ulciscor, ulclsci, ultus sum, 
avenge, punish. 

ullus, -a, -um (gen. -ius, dat. -I), 
any. 

ulterior, -ius, comp. adj., farther. 

una, adv., at the same time, to- 
gether ; esp. una cum, together 
with. [abl. f. of iinus.] 

unde, adv., from which place, 
whence. 

undique (unde), adv., from all 
parts, on all sides. 

iinus, -a, um (gen. -ius, dat. -i), 
one. 

urbs, urbis, f ., city. 

ut (uti), conj. (with subj.), that, 
in order that, to ; (with indica- 
tive) as, when. 

uter, -tra, -trum (gen. -ius, dat. 
-i), which of two, which. 

utor, titi, usus sum, use. 

uxor, -oris, f ., wife. 



vaco (i), be vacant or unoccupied. 
vadum, -I, n.,ford, shoal. 
vagor (l), wander. [avail. 

valeo (2), be strong or powerful, 



vallum, -I, n., palisade, rampart. 

vasto (1), lay waste, devastate. 

vectigal, alis, n., tax, public 
revenue, [vectus (from veho).] 

vel, or ... vel . . . vel, either 
. . . or. 

venio, venire, veni, ventum, come. 

Verbigenus, -I, m., a canton of 
the Helvetii. See Helvetius. 

verbum, -i, n., word. 

vereor, -erf, -itus (2), dep., fear, 
be afraid of; dread, be appre- 
hensive. 

vergo, -ere, , (3), in- 
cline, lie, slope ; be situated in a 
certain direction. 

vergobretus, -I [Kel. = ' He that 
renders judgment,' 'Judge'], 
m., vergobret, title of the chief 
magistrate of the y£dui. i. 16. 

veritus, see vereor. 

vero [abl. of verus], adv., in 
truth, in fact, truly, certainly; 
but, but indeed, however. 

Verucloetius, -1, m., one of the 
Helvetii sent as an ambassa- 
dor to Caesar. 

verus, -a, -um, adj., true. 

Vesontio, -onis, m., chief town of 
the Sequani on the Dubis, now 
Besancon. 

vesper, -eris (and -en), m., eve- 
ning. [Zcnrepos, ecrwtpa.] 

vester, -tra, -trum [vos], poss. 
pron. adj., your, yours. 

veteranus, -a, -um, adj., veteran, 
experienced ; esp. subst. vete- 



VOCABULARY 



195 



ran, i.e. a tried soldier opp. to 
raw recruits, [vetus.] 

vetus, -eris, adj., ancient, old, 
[cp. eros = year.] 

vexo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a., 
harass, ravage, overrun (of a 
country). 

via, -ae, f., way, route, (See 
vexo.) 

victor, -oris, m., conqueror ; adj., 
victorious, [vinco.] 

victoria, -ae, f., victory. 

vicus, -1, m., village. 

vided, videre, vldi, visum, see; 
(in pass.), be seen, seem. 

vigilia, -ae, f., wakefulness, 
watch; as a division (one- 
fourth) of the night : de" (prima, 
secunda, tertia) quarta vigilia, 
about the first, second, etc., 
watch; these being respec- 
tively 6 P.M. — 9 P.M., 9 P.M. — 
midnight, midnight — 3 a.m., 
3 a.m. — 6 a.m. [vigil = watch- 

jut 

viginti, card, adj., twenty. 
vincio, -ire, -nxi, -nctum, v. a., 

bind. 
vinco, -ere, vici, victum, v. a., 

conquer, surpass. 



vinctus, -a, -um, part, of vincio. 
vinculum, vinclum, -1, n., chain, 

bond. [vinci5.] 

virtus, -utis [vir], f., manliness ; 
courage, bravery, valor , prowess. 

Vis, ace. vim, abl. vi, pi. vires, 
-ium, f ., strength; force, violence; 
influence. PL, physical powers, 
strength. 

visus, see video. 

vita, -ae, f., life. 

vito, -are, -avi, -atum (1), shun, 
avoid, try to escape. 

vix, adv., with difficulty, scarcely. 

VOCO (1), call, summon. 

Vocontii, -orum, m., the Vocontii. 

VOlo, velle, volul, , irr., be 

willing, wish, desire ; mean, in- 
tend. 

voluntas, -atis [volo], f., will, 
wish, inclination, desire ; good- 
will, affection (i. 19); consent, 
elus voluntate, with his con- 
sent (i. 7). 

vos, nom, and ace. pi. [tu], you. 

vulgus (volg-), -1, n., the multi- 
tude, public, rabble, 

vulnero (vol-) (1), wound, in- 
jure. 

vulnus (vol-), -neris, n., a wound. 




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It is neatly bound in cloth ; is smallish, and of conve- 
nient shape. And 'tis not so very high-priced — only 

SEVENTY-FIVE CENTS POSTPAID 



HINDS & NOBLE, Publishers of 

1000 Classical Allusions Briefly Explained 

Does for the places, persons, and things of antiquity what 
** Who's Who " does for the gods, the heroes, and the myths. 75 cts* 

New York Otf 

Schoolbooks of all }ubli*hors at on* store. 



** No books published this year will be more 
widely introduced into our Schools than Mrs. 
Dewey* s Lessons on Manners, and Lessons on 
Morals, published by Hinds and Noble, New 
York." Price 75 cents each. 

" Better adapted for use in our schools than 
any other books on the subject I have ever 
examined." 

" The didactical suggestions and illustrative 
incidents are so beautifully and harmoniously 
blended that the pupil is quite as pleased with 
the formal teaching as with the illustrative 
examples." 

" The books should be given a place in every 
Grammar School, High School, and Private 
School in the country." 

" The most practical rules on Morals and 
Manners that I nave found in any work on 
these subjects. I hope their influence may be 
widely extended." 

"It is the essence of Morals, and, in the 
hands of truly moral teachers, it will be a valu- 
able aid in developing the highest aim of educa- 
tion — a high moral character." 

€i Books that are suggestive in matter, and 
well ordered and helpful in arrangement. The 
chapter on c Manners in the School Room * in 
the 'Lessons on Manners,' if well taught, will 
solve in advance many of the problems daily 
arising in school discipline." 

Unsolicited Opinions. 



OCT 2 9 1303 



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